{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T10:33:22Z","timestamp":1775471602193,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591660800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respir Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intravenous formulations of epoprostenol are frequently delivered via nebulizer to treat pulmonary hypertension in acutely ill patients. Although their efficacy as pulmonary vasodilators has been shown to be comparable to inhaled nitric oxide, the local effects of these formulations within the airways have not been determined. We hypothesized that the alkaline diluents of these compounds would lead to increased airway epithelial cell death and ciliary cessation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to epoprostenol in glycine and arginine diluents or control fluid. Ciliary beat frequency, lactate dehydrogenase, and total RNA levels were measured before and after exposure. Results were compared between exposure and control groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ciliary beat frequency ceased immediately after exposure to epoprostenol with both diluents. Lactate dehydrogenase levels increased by 200% after exposure to epoprostenol and glycine diluent (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .002). Total RNA levels were undetectable after exposure to epoprostenol and arginine, indicating complete cell death and lysis (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .015). Ciliary beat frequency ceased after 30 s of exposure to epoprostenol and glycine (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .008). There was no difference between cells exposed to epoprostenol and those exposed only to diluent.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure to intravenous formulations of epoprostenol in glycine and arginine caused increased cell death and ciliary cessation in bronchial epithelial cells. These findings suggest that undesired local effects may occur when these compounds are delivered as inhaled aerosols to patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.07938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T17:52:03Z","timestamp":1591725123000},"page":"1427-1432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Local Effects of Two Intravenous Formulations of Pulmonary Vasodilators on Airway Epithelium"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Bradley A","family":"Kuch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine and Respiratory Care Services, UPMC Children\u2019s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosalie","family":"Linssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital of Richmond at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Yoshikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital of Richmond at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Craig D","family":"Smallwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael D","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Wells Center for Pediatric Research\/Pulmonology, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-017-0221-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.05360"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200101000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1R540"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.117.3.819"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.153.3.8630585"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.154.6.8970353"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2003.11.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028015608865"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2017.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2009.04.063"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.10551717"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7359.336"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-015-0008-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.98.11020330"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(89)90371-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1977.10667285"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2006-0230OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0640449"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","unstructured":"ECRI Institute. 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