{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T06:07:40Z","timestamp":1790489260832,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632182400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respir Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is increasingly used for the management of respiratory failure. Settings include\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:msub>\n                              <mml:mtext mathvariant=\"bold\">F<\/mml:mtext>\n                              <mml:mrow>\n                                <mml:msub>\n                                  <mml:mrow>\n                                    <mml:mtext mathvariant=\"bold\">IO<\/mml:mtext>\n                                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                                  <mml:mtext mathvariant=\"bold\">2<\/mml:mtext>\n                                <\/mml:msub>\n                              <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <\/mml:msub>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      , total gas flow, and temperature target. Resulting absolute humidity (AH) at the nasal cannula may affect clinical tolerance, and optimal settings with respect to hygrometry remain poorly documented.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A bench study was designed to assess AH delivered by 4 HFNC devices (Optiflow, Airvo 2, Precision Flow, and Hydrate) according to flow, ambient temperature, and other available settings. Clinical tolerance of different levels of hygrometry (20, 30, and 40 mg H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\/L) was evaluated in 15 healthy volunteers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      With\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:msub>\n                              <mml:mtext mathvariant=\"bold\">F<\/mml:mtext>\n                              <mml:mrow>\n                                <mml:msub>\n                                  <mml:mrow>\n                                    <mml:mtext mathvariant=\"bold\">IO<\/mml:mtext>\n                                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                                  <mml:mtext mathvariant=\"bold\">2<\/mml:mtext>\n                                <\/mml:msub>\n                              <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <\/mml:msub>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      set at 1.0, normal ambient temperature, and settings made accordingly to the manufacturers\u2019 recommendations, mean \u00b1 SD AH was 42.2 \u00b1 3.1, 39.5 \u00b1 1.8, 35.7 \u00b1 2.0, and 32.9 \u00b1 2.7 mg H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\/L for the Airvo 2, Optiflow, Hydrate, and Precision Flow, respectively, (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001). AH dropped from \u22123.5 to \u221210.7 mg H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\/L (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;. 001) with high ambient temperature, except for the Precision Flow. Increasing flow did not significantly affect AH except for the Precision Flow (from 36.4 \u00b1 1.6 to 29.8 \u00b1 0.2 mg H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\/L at 10 and 40 L\/min, respectively, [\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001]). The lowest AH was encountered with the Optiflow set with noninvasive ventilation (NIV) mode, without compensation algorithm, and at high ambient temperature (14.2 \u00b1 1.5 mg H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\/L). In studied subjects, AH significantly affected breathing comfort, reduced from 7.0 \u00b1 1.0 to 3.0 \u00b1 2.0 at 40 and 20 mg H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\/L, respectively, (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001). Comfort was similar at 30 and 40 mg H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\/L.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      When used according to manufacturer\u2019s recommendations and at normal ambient temperature, all the HFNC devices evaluated achieved satisfactory hygrometric output with respect to breathing comfort evaluated in healthy subjects (\u2265 30 mg H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\/L). Substantial differences exist between devices, and optimal knowledge of their working principles is required as inappropriate usage may dramatically alter efficacy and clinical tolerance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.09085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T13:02:43Z","timestamp":1632229363000},"page":"1720-1728","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Hygrometric Performances of Different High-Flow Nasal Cannula Devices: Bench Evaluation and Clinical Tolerance"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Delorme","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche de l\u2019Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Qu\u00e9bec, Quebec, Canada. Mr Delorme is affiliated with the Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, ERPHAN,Versailles, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Alexandre","family":"Bouchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche de l\u2019Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Qu\u00e9bec, Quebec, Canada. Mr Delorme is affiliated with the Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, ERPHAN,Versailles, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serge","family":"Simard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche de l\u2019Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Qu\u00e9bec, Quebec, Canada. Mr Delorme is affiliated with the Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, ERPHAN,Versailles, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Lellouche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche de l\u2019Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Qu\u00e9bec, Quebec, Canada. Mr Delorme is affiliated with the Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, ERPHAN,Versailles, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.01941"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4277-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1503326"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.2711"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4594-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.14282"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000796"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe1504852"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004363"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2007.05026.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2009.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-2871"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.01681"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201402-0364OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2018.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-011-2354-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2015-207962"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201605-0916OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.07306"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.03814"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-209673"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002693"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-017-4890-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199611000-00025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-004-2235-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-009-1456-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.1.9902062"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-02974-5_7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200309-1245OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.02932"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/08942680252908539"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-009-1455-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.81.4.1739"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/380686"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1479972307087190"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15412555.2020.1728736"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-209729"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","first-page":"249","article-title":"A rational basis for humidity therapy","volume":"32","author":"Chatburn RL","year":"1987","unstructured":"Chatburn RL, , Primiano FP. A rational basis for humidity therapy. Respir Care, 1987; 32(4):249-254.","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Mechanical Ventilation","author":"Ricard J-D","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ricard J-D, , Dreyfuss D. Humidification. In: Tobin MJ. Principles and Practice of Mechanical Ventilation. 3rd ed.. McGraw Hill; 2013.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-2039-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S159666"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201706-425OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1753466619879794"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.47.8.609"}],"container-title":["Respiratory Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.4187\/respcare.09085","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.4187\/respcare.09085","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.4187\/respcare.09085","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T08:56:45Z","timestamp":1775465805000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.4187\/respcare.09085"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.4187\/respcare.09085"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4187\/respcare.09085","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-1324"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-1324","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]]}}}