{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:31:35Z","timestamp":1787031095400,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respir Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      When helmet CPAP is performed using a Venturi system, filters are frequently interposed in the respiratory circuit to reduce noise within the helmet. The effect of the interposition of these filters on delivered fresh gas flow and the resulting F\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        IO\n                        <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      is currently unknown.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In a bench study, 2 different Venturi systems (WhisperFlow and Harol) were used to generate 3 different gas flow\/F\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        IO\n                        <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      combinations (80 L\/min-F\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        IO\n                        <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      0.6, 100 L\/min-F\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        IO\n                        <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      0.5, 120 L\/min-F\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        IO\n                        <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      0.4). Different combinations of filters were applied at the flow generator input line and\/or at the helmet inlet port. Two types of filters were used for this purpose: a heat and moisture exchanger filter and an electrostatic filter. The setup without filters was used as baseline. Gas flow and F\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        IO\n                        <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      were measured for each setup.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared to baseline, the interposition of filters reduced the gas flow between 1\u201313% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001). The application of a filter at the Venturi system or at the helmet generated a comparable flow reduction (\u22123 \u00b1 2% vs \u22124 \u00b1 2%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .12), whereas a greater flow reduction (\u22127 \u00b1 4%) was observed when filters were applied at both sites (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001). An increase in F\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        IO\n                        <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      up to 5% was observed with filters applied. A strong inverse linear relationship (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001) was observed between the resulting gas flow and F\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        IO\n                        <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The use of filters during helmet CPAP reduced the flow delivered to the helmet and, consequently, modified F\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        IO\n                        <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      . If filters are applied, an adequate gas flow should be administered to guarantee a constant CPAP during the entire respiratory cycle and avoid rebreathing. Moreover, it might be important to measure the effective F\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        IO\n                        <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      delivered to the patient to guarantee a precise assessment of oxygenation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.09822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T13:10:19Z","timestamp":1646140219000},"page":"995-1001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Effect of Filters on CPAP Delivery by Helmet"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Daniele","family":"Privitera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00f2","family":"Capsoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Zadek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; and Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Niguarda Ca\u2019 Granda, Milan, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Vailati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Airoldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translation Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mattia","family":"Cozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Pierotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Fumagalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; and Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Niguarda Ca\u2019 Granda, Milan, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Bellone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Langer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; and Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Niguarda Ca\u2019 Granda, Milan, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-153-4-201008170-00028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2006.01.038"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","article-title":"Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (CPAP or bi-level NPPV) for cardiogenic pulmonary edema","author":"Vital FM","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vital FM, , Ladeira MT, , Atallah AN. 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