{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T03:03:18Z","timestamp":1781665398700,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":221,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638835200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respir Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Contemplating the future should be grounded in history. The rise of post-polio ICUs was inextricably related to mechanical ventilation. Critically ill patients who developed acute respiratory failure often had \u201ccongestive atelectasis\u201d (ie, a term used to describe ARDS prior to 1967). Initial mechanical ventilation strategies for treating this condition and others inadvertently led to ventilator-induced lung injury. Both injurious ventilation and later use of overly cautious weaning practices resulted from both limited technology and understanding of ARDS and other aspects of critical illness. The resulting misperceptions, misconceptions, and missed opportunities took decades to rectify and in some instances still persist. This suggests a reluctance to acknowledge that all therapeutic strategies reflect the historical period in which they were developed and the corresponding limited understanding of ARDS pathophysiology at that time. We are at the threshold of a revolutionary moment in critical care. The confluence of enormous clinical data production, massive computing power, advances in understanding the biomolecular and genetic aspects of critical illness, and the emergence of neural networks will have enormous impact on how critical care is practiced in the decades to come. Therefore, it is imperative we understand the long-crooked path needed to reach the era of protective ventilation in order to avoid similar mistakes moving forward. The emerging era is as difficult to fathom as our current practices and technologies were to those practicing 60 years ago. This review explores the history of mechanical ventilation in treating ARDS, describes current protective ventilation strategies, and speculates how ARDS management might look 20 years from now.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.09832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T15:05:20Z","timestamp":1638889520000},"page":"730-749","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Mechanical Ventilation in ARDS: Quo Vadis?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Richard H","family":"Kallet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco at San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Maya Angelou: America's Renaissance Woman: Academy of Achievement Interview; January 22 1997.."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","volume-title":"Requiem for a Nun","author":"Faulkner W","year":"1950","unstructured":"Faulkner W. Requiem for a Nun. New York: Vintage Books, Random House; 1950."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197708000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201008-1341OE"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196508192730801"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI105461"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196311072691901"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195411252512201"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.01963"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"1394","article-title":"The adequacy of the air-mix control in ventilators operated from an oxygen source","volume":"90","author":"Fairley HB","year":"1964","unstructured":"Fairley HB, , Britt BA. The adequacy of the air-mix control in ventilators operated from an oxygen source. Can Med Assoc J, 1964; 90:1394-1396.","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(67)90168-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.149.3.7509706"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.3.16331"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)42760-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196702162760702"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"234","article-title":"Respirator lung\u201d: a misnomer","volume":"91","author":"Nash G","year":"1971","unstructured":"Nash G, , Bowen JA, , Langlinais PC. \u201cRespirator lung\u201d: a misnomer. Arch Pathol, 1971; 91(3):234-240.","journal-title":"Arch Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1947.152.1.162"},{"issue":"664","key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","article-title":"Positive-pressure respiration and its application to the treatment of acute pulmonary edema and respiratory obstruction","volume":"16","author":"Barach A,J","year":"1937","unstructured":"Barach A,J, , Eckman M. Positive-pressure respiration and its application to the treatment of acute pulmonary edema and respiratory obstruction. Am Soc Clin Invest, 1937; 16(664).","journal-title":"Am Soc Clin Invest"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-12-6-754"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(10)60978-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1959.14.5.694"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-196207000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.07520461"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.73.2.158"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-196405000-00009"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"556","article-title":"Experimental pulmonary edema due to intermittent positive-pressure ventilation with high inflation pressures. Protection by positive end-expiratory pressure","volume":"110","author":"Webb HH","year":"1974","unstructured":"Webb HH, , Tierney DF. Experimental pulmonary edema due to intermittent positive-pressure ventilation with high inflation pressures. Protection by positive end-expiratory pressure. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1974; 110(5):556-565.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.71.1.18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-197303000-00017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.67.2.156"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03370180089038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005382-198607000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-005-2627-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/137.5.1159"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","first-page":"880","article-title":"Intermittent positive-pressure hyperventilation with high inflation pressures produces pulmonary microvascular injury in rats","volume":"132","author":"Dreyfuss D","year":"1985","unstructured":"Dreyfuss D, , Basset G, , Soler P, , Saumon G. Intermittent positive-pressure hyperventilation with high inflation pressures produces pulmonary microvascular injury in rats. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1985; 132(4):880-884.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","first-page":"1809","article-title":"Increased microvascular permeability in dog lungs due to high peak airway pressures","volume":"57","author":"Parker JC","year":"1984","unstructured":"Parker JC, , Townsley MI, , Rippe B, , Taylor AE, , Thigpen J. Increased microvascular permeability in dog lungs due to high peak airway pressures. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol, 1984; 57(6):1809-1816.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01735174"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","first-page":"385","article-title":"Mechanical controlled hypoventilation in status asthmaticus","volume":"129","author":"Darioli R","year":"1984","unstructured":"Darioli R, , Perret C. Mechanical controlled hypoventilation in status asthmaticus. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1984; 129(3):385-387.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.4.ats2-98"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005043421801"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.155.4.9105054"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","first-page":"485","article-title":"Causes of mortality in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"132","author":"Montgomery AB","year":"1985","unstructured":"Montgomery AB, , Stager MA, , Carrico CJ, , Hudson LD. Causes of mortality in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1985; 132(3):485-489.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.6.8520742"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.4.2101124"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc2331"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1078-5337(03)00040-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200607-915OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1556-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-018-0469-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","first-page":"112","article-title":"The pulmonary vascular lesions of the adult respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"112","author":"Tomashefski JF","year":"1983","unstructured":"Tomashefski JFJr., , Davies P, , Boggis C, , Greene R, , Zapol WM, , Reid LM. The pulmonary vascular lesions of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Pathol, 1983; 112(1):112-126.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","first-page":"30","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome, mechanical ventilation, and right ventricular function","volume":"17","author":"Bouferrache K","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bouferrache K, , Vieillard-Baron A. Acute respiratory distress syndrome, mechanical ventilation, and right ventricular function. Curr Opin Crit Care, 2011; 17(1):30-35.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00120102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.1810160402"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1977.116.4.589"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-0877"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.88.1.34"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200108000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181eaa9c8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-3017-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-4141-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-1013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-2941-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-007-0552-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.04943"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199406000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.153.3.8630585"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.154.6.8970353"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200101000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1800385"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.case.2021.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2638-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-2747-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001056"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.05589"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1078-5337(03)00034-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197203232861204"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1979.03300200023016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00265800"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.149.2.8306022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61069-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-1792"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.13374"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.6.646"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe1802676"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","volume-title":"Loaded breathing proceedings of an international symposium on \u201cThe Effects of Mechanical Loads on Breathing","author":"Pengelly LD","year":"1974","unstructured":"Pengelly LD, , Rebuck ES, , Campbell EJ. editors. Loaded breathing proceedings of an international symposium on \u201cThe Effects of Mechanical Loads on Breathing.\u201d Hamilton, Canada: Churchill Livingstone; 1974."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1977.116.3.457"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","first-page":"897","article-title":"Fatigue of inspiratory muscles and their synergic behavior","volume":"46","author":"Roussos C","year":"1979","unstructured":"Roussos C, , Fixley M, , Gross D, , Macklem PT. Fatigue of inspiratory muscles and their synergic behavior. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol, 1979; 46(5):897-904.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.me.35.020184.003205"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1995.79.2.539"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","first-page":"1119","article-title":"The relation of inspiratory effort sensation to fatiguing patterns of the diaphragm","volume":"134","author":"Bradley TD","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bradley TD, , Chartrand DA, , Fitting JW, , Killian KJ, , Grassino A. The relation of inspiratory effort sensation to fatiguing patterns of the diaphragm. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1986; 134(6):1119-1124.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198512000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/138.5.1169"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00075198-200502000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.9.2011150"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.3.9707056"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.1.9702051"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200509-1511OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.2.2108041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201209-1668OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200304-489CP"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201004-0670OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200401-042OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05566-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06288-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200210-1246OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1986.134.5.902"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03197-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00255628"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002013249804300602"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.6.2483"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1005372"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000239435.87433.0D"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1410639"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202008-3142ED"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000206"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.116.6.1826"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4470-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.05501623"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182451c40"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182711972"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201303-0539OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.150.4.7921462"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199902000-00046"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-003-1906-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.6.2004035"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_126_2","first-page":"12","article-title":"Resolution of pulmonary edema","volume":"9","author":"Matthay M","year":"2003","unstructured":"Matthay M. Resolution of pulmonary edema. Science & Medicine, 2003; 9(1):12-22.","journal-title":"Science & Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.04887"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198108000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-014-1875-x"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_2_130_2","first-page":"501","article-title":"Nutritional support of the critically ill patient","volume":"17","author":"Kudsk KA","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kudsk KA, , Mirtallo JM. Nutritional support of the critically ill patient. Drug Intell Clin Pharm, 1983; 17(7-8):501-506.","journal-title":"Drug Intell Clin Pharm"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.64.3.331"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01716735"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.96.2.348"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1981.03320110022019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc3917"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.00964"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002013240204700807"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1974.01360040041010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01708804"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.150.4.7921460"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199502093320601"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199612193352502"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.05270"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(16)41033-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-195009000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-196808000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-196909000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-196812000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(05)70158-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_150_2","first-page":"209","article-title":"Diffuse alveolar damage\u2013the role of oxygen, shock, and related factors. A review","volume":"85","author":"Katzenstein AL","year":"1976","unstructured":"Katzenstein AL, , Bloor CM, , Leibow AA. Diffuse alveolar damage\u2013the role of oxygen, shock, and related factors. A review. Am J Pathol, 1976; 85(1):209-228.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_151_2","first-page":"220","article-title":"Pathology of ARDS","volume":"130","author":"Nash G","year":"1979","unstructured":"Nash G. Pathology of ARDS. West J Med, 1979; 130(3):220-222.","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_152_2","first-page":"65","article-title":"Lung pathology in respiratory distress following shock in the adult","volume":"79","author":"Orell SR","year":"1971","unstructured":"Orell SR. Lung pathology in respiratory distress following shock in the adult. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand A, 1971; 79(1):65-76.","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand A"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(21)00143-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.14171"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1215716"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1215554"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197502062920604"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01694358"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2001080-01CP"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.149.1.8111590"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_161_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.5.1744"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_162_2","first-page":"91","article-title":"Jr. The effect of oleic acid\u2013induced pulmonary edema on pulmonary and chest wall mechanics in dogs","volume":"121","author":"Slutsky AS","year":"1980","unstructured":"Slutsky AS, , Scharf SM, , Brown R, , Ingram RH. Jr. The effect of oleic acid\u2013induced pulmonary edema on pulmonary and chest wall mechanics in dogs. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1980; 121(1):91-96.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_163_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1078-5337(03)00041-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_164_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa052052"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_165_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.06165"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_166_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17471060500233042"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_167_2","first-page":"76","article-title":"Effects of prolonged high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in premature primates with experimental hyaline membrane disease","volume":"130","author":"Truog WE","year":"1984","unstructured":"Truog WE, , Standaert TA, , Murphy JH, , Woodrum DE, , Hodson WA. Effects of prolonged high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in premature primates with experimental hyaline membrane disease. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1984; 130(1):76-80.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_168_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.48.8.612"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_169_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-2134"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_170_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182104dac"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_171_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-4062-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_172_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000194430"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_173_2","first-page":"833","article-title":"Lung-thorax compliance in the artificially ventilated premature rabbit neonate in relation to variations in inspiration:expiration ratio","volume":"15","author":"Lachmann B","year":"1981","unstructured":"Lachmann B, , Grossmann G, , Freyse J, , Robertson B. Lung-thorax compliance in the artificially ventilated premature rabbit neonate in relation to variations in inspiration:expiration ratio. Pediatr Res, 1981; 15(5):833-838.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_174_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00441920"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_175_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.08280"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_176_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/138.2.475"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_177_2","first-page":"267","article-title":"Pathologic features and mechanisms of hypoxemia in adult respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"114","author":"Lamy M","year":"1976","unstructured":"Lamy M, , Fallat RJ, , Koeniger E, , Dietrich HP, , Ratliff JL, , Eberhart RC, et al. Pathologic features and mechanisms of hypoxemia in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1976; 114(2):267-284.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_178_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-74943-8_24"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_179_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198101000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_180_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-2969-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_181_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.89.2.211"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_182_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-002-1248-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_183_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01709546"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_184_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.90735.2008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_185_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.05099"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_186_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.93.5.1117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_187_2","first-page":"30","volume-title":"Current respiratory care techniques","author":"Gurevitch M","year":"1989","unstructured":"Gurevitch M. Selection of the inspiratory:expiratory ratio. In: Kacmarek R, , Stoller J. editors. Current respiratory care techniques. Philadelphia: BC Decker; 1989:30-36."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_188_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198008000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_189_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1988.65.3.1172"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_190_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe1300103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_191_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.151.6.7767524"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_192_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.1.2007011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_193_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01274.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_194_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.01977"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_195_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032193"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_196_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.6.637"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_197_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.94.4.755"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_198_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000155920.11893.37"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_199_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqaa279"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_200_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000002331"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_201_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yasu.2012.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_202_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(79)90066-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_203_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198512000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_204_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000135749.64867.06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_205_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.2.2011093"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_206_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000280434.33451.87"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_207_2","first-page":"127","article-title":"ARDS and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Common mechanisms of a common systemic process","volume":"18","author":"Khadaroo RG","year":"2002","unstructured":"Khadaroo RG, , Marshall JC. ARDS and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Common mechanisms of a common systemic process. Crit Care Med, 2002; 18(1):127-141.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_208_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10061297"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_209_2","first-page":"23","article-title":"Organ cross talk during acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and mechanical ventilation","volume":"18","author":"Quilez ME","year":"2012","unstructured":"Quilez ME, , Lopez-Aguilar J, , Blanch L. Organ cross talk during acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and mechanical ventilation. Curr Opin Crit Care, 2012; 18(1):23-28.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_210_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc8168"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_211_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2007.093658"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_212_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202101-0218ED"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_213_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06296-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_214_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03755-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_215_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202006-2522OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_216_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.09495"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_217_2","first-page":"206","volume-title":"Lone survivors","author":"Stringer C","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stringer C. Lone survivors. New York: Time Books, Henry Holt and Company; 2012:206."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_218_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2013.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_219_2","first-page":"177","article-title":"The physiologic recovery trajectory as the organizing principle for the quantification of hormonometabolic adaptation to surgical stress and severe sepsis","volume":"2","author":"Siegel JH","year":"1979","unstructured":"Siegel JH, , Cerra FB, , Peters D, , Moody E, , Brown D, , McMenamy RH, , Border JR. The physiologic recovery trajectory as the organizing principle for the quantification of hormonometabolic adaptation to surgical stress and severe sepsis. Adv Shock Res, 1979; 2:177-203.","journal-title":"Adv Shock Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_220_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-197908000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_221_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0953-7112(93)90031-8"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_222_2","first-page":"264","article-title":"Respiratory care practitioner: Carpe Diem!.","volume":"37","author":"Kacmarek RM","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kacmarek RM. Respiratory care practitioner: Carpe Diem!. Respir Care, 1992; 37(3):264-269.","journal-title":"Respir Care"}],"container-title":["Respiratory Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.4187\/respcare.09832","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.4187\/respcare.09832","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.4187\/respcare.09832","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T05:27:19Z","timestamp":1775626039000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.4187\/respcare.09832"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]]},"references-count":221,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.4187\/respcare.09832"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4187\/respcare.09832","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-1324"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-1324","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]]}}}