{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T22:44:00Z","timestamp":1791585840107,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]],"date-time":"2023-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700870400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respir Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Airway pressure is usually measured by sensors placed in the ventilator or on the ventilator side of the endotracheal tube (ETT), at the Y-piece. These remote measurements serve as a surrogate for the tracheal or alveolar pressure. Tracheal pressure can only be predicted correctly by using a model that incorporates the pressure at the remote location, the flow through the ETT, and the resistance of the ETT if the latter is a predictable function of Y-piece flow. However, this is not consistently appropriate, and accuracy of prediction is hampered.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This in vitro study systematically examined the ventilator pressure in dependence of compliance of the respiratory system (C\n                      <jats:sub>RS<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), inspiratory time, and expiratory time during pressure-controlled ventilation by using a small intratracheal pressure sensor and a mechanical lung simulator. Pressures were measured simultaneously at the ventilator outlet, at the Y-piece, and in the trachea during pressure-controlled ventilation with a peak inspiratory pressure of 20 cm H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O and a PEEP of 5 cm H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O while changing C\n                      <jats:sub>RS<\/jats:sub>\n                      (10, 30, 60, 90, and 100 mL\/cm H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O) and varying inspiratory time and expiratory time.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Tracheal pressures were always lower (maximum 8 cm H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O during inspiration) or higher (maximum 4 cm H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O during expiration) than the pressures measured proximal to the ETT if zero-flow conditions were not achieved at the end of the breathing cycles.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Dependent on C\n                      <jats:sub>RS<\/jats:sub>\n                      and the breathing cycle, tracheal pressures deviated from those measured proximal to the ETT under non\u2013zero-flow conditions. Intratracheal pressure and pressure curve dynamics can differ greatly from the ventilator pressure, depending on the ventilator setting and the C\n                      <jats:sub>RS<\/jats:sub>\n                      . The small pressure sensor may be used as a measurement method of tracheal pressure via integration onto an ETT.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.10539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T13:30:23Z","timestamp":1692019823000},"page":"1639-1645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Comparison of Proximal and Tracheal Airway Pressures During Pressure Controlled Ventilation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Mark O","family":"Zander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Product Development Group Zurich, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikola","family":"Stankovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Children\u2019s Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirko","family":"Meboldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Product Development Group Zurich, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas O","family":"Erb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Children\u2019s Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrg","family":"Hammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, University Children\u2019s Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Schmid Daners","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Dynamic Systems and Control, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeg141"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc7693"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeq130"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200004000-00018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X1103900311"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7177(03)90021-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-6576.2000.00515.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","volume-title":"Measurements of respiratory mechanics during mechanical ventilation","author":"Iotti GA","year":"1999","unstructured":"Iotti GA, , Braschi A. 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