{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T10:32:42Z","timestamp":1775471562126,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685404800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respir Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To understand the fate of aerosols delivered by high-flow nasal cannula using continuous nebulization, an open-source anatomical model was developed and validated with a modified real-time gamma ratemeter technique. Mass balance defined circuit losses. Responsiveness to infusion rate and device technology were tested.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A nasal airway cast derived from a computed tomography scan was converted to a 3-dimensional\u2013printed head and face structure connected to a piston ventilator (breathing frequency 30 breaths\/min, tidal volume 750 mL, duty cycle 0.50). For mass balance experiments, saline mixed with Technetium-99m was infused for 1 h. Aerosol delivery was measured using a gamma ratemeter oriented to an inhaled mass filter at the hypopharynx of the model. Background and dead-space effects were minimized. All components were imaged by scintigraphy. Continuous nebulization was tested at infusion rates of 10\u201340 mL\/h with gas flow of 60 L\/min using a breath-enhanced jet nebulizer (BEJN), and a vibrating mesh nebulizer. Drug delivery rates were defined by the slope of ratemeter counts\/min (CPM\/min) versus time (min).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The major source of aerosol loss was at the nasal interface (\u223c25%). Significant differences in deposition on circuit components were seen between nebulizers. The nebulizer residual was higher for BEJN (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .006), and circuit losses, including the humidifier, were higher for vibrating mesh nebulizer (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .006). There were no differences in delivery to the filter and head model. For 60 L\/min gas flow, as infusion pump flow was increased, the rate of aerosol delivery (CPM\/min) increased, for BEJN from 338 to 8,111; for vibrating mesh nebulizer, maximum delivery was 2,828.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The model defined sites of aerosol losses during continuous nebulization and provided a realistic in vitro system for testing aerosol delivery during continuous nebulization. Real-time analysis can quantify effects of multiple changes in variables (nebulizer technology, infusion rate, gas flow, and ventilation) during a given experiment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.10643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T14:05:35Z","timestamp":1685455535000},"page":"1213-1220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["In Vitro Model for Analysis of High-Flow Aerosol Delivery During Continuous Nebulization"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"McPeck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeyanthan","family":"Jayakumaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerald C","family":"Smaldone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2007.0662"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"Aerogen. Aerogen solo system instruction manual l part number P\/N AG-AS3050-US P\/N 30\u2013674 rev H."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.02903"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2017.1366"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11070320"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-021-01827-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14010024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-013-1123-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02980-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.07343"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.09459"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2021.0019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41030-019-0086-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2015.1219"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-197902000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-013-1157-6"}],"container-title":["Respiratory Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.4187\/respcare.10643","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.4187\/respcare.10643","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.4187\/respcare.10643","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T09:13:45Z","timestamp":1775466825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.4187\/respcare.10643"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.4187\/respcare.10643"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4187\/respcare.10643","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-1324"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-1324","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]}}}