{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:31:36Z","timestamp":1787031096372,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689120000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respir Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>COVID-19 is associated with variable symptoms and clinical sequelae. Studies have examined the clinical course of these patients, finding a prolonged need for invasive ventilation and variable re-intubation rates. However, no research has investigated factors and outcomes related to re-intubation secondary to respiratory failure among patients with COVID-19 with ARDS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a single-center, retrospective study on subjects intubated for ARDS secondary to COVID-19. The primary outcome was re-intubation status; secondary outcomes were hospital and ICU stay and mortality. Data were analyzed using between-group comparisons using chi-square testing for categorical information and Student\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">t<\/jats:italic>\n                      test for quantitative data. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine factors related to re-intubation and mortality as dependent variables.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      One hundred and fourteen subjects were included, of which 32% required re-intubation. No between-group differences were detected for most demographic variables or comorbidities. No differences were detected in COVID-19 treatments, noninvasive respiratory support, mechanical circulatory support, or duration of ventilation. Midazolam (odds ratio [OR] 5.55 [95% CI 1.83\u201316.80],\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .002), fentanyl (OR 3.64 [95% CI 1.26\u201310.52],\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .02), and APACHE II scores (OR 1.08 [95% CI 1.030\u20131.147],\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .005) were independently associated with re-intubation (area under the curve = 0.81). Re-intubated subjects had extended hospital (36.7 \u00b1 22.7 d vs 26.1 \u00b1 12.1 d,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .01) and ICU (29.6 \u00b1 22.4 d vs 15.8 \u00b1 10.4 d,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001) stays. More subjects died who failed extubation (49% vs 3%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001). Age (OR 1.07 [95% CI 1.02\u20131.23],\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .005), male sex (OR 4.9 [95% CI 1.08\u201322.35],\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .041), positive Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU) (OR 5.43 [95% CI 1.58\u201318.62],\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .007), and re-intubation (OR 12.75 [95% CI 2.80\u201357.10],\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001) were independently associated with death (area under the curve = 0.93).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Midazolam, fentanyl, and higher APACHE II scores were independently associated with re-intubation secondary to respiratory failure in subjects with COVID-19\u2013related ARDS. Furthermore, age, male sex, positive CAM-ICU, and re-intubation were independently associated with mortality. Re-intubation also correlated with prolonged hospital and ICU stay.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.10881","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T11:50:13Z","timestamp":1689162613000},"page":"50-60","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Risk Factors and Outcomes Associated With Re-Intubation Secondary to Respiratory Failure in Patients With COVID-19 ARDS"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Ramez M","family":"Halaseh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary and Critical Care Department, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, Florida."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gail S","family":"Drescher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Therapy Department, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, District of Columbia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma'amoon","family":"Al-Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, Florida."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ihab H","family":"Masri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary and Critical Care Department, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, District of Columbia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amaris L","family":"Alayon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, University of Miami, Miami, Florida."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malik","family":"Ghawanmeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, George Washington University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tareq","family":"Arar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, District of Columbia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saad Al-Deen","family":"Mohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, District of Columbia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rea","family":"Pavate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, District of Columbia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mouaz Haj","family":"Bakri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, Florida."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Al-Tarbsheh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary and Critical Care Department, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, Florida."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mu'ed","family":"AlGhadir-AlKhalaileh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, Florida."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6775"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1966"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31189-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2020.110039"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201208-1523CI"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.08564"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08850666211020281"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30459-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100134"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03864-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08850666221093946"},{"issue":"23","key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"2526","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin definition","volume":"307","author":"The ARDS Definition Task Force","year":"2012","unstructured":"The ARDS Definition Task Force. 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