{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:27:05Z","timestamp":1790720825255,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]],"date-time":"2024-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724457600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respir Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) systems employ different methods to provide aerosol to patients. This study compared delivery efficiency, particle size, and regional deposition of aerosolized bronchodilators during HFNC in neonatal, pediatric, and adult upper-airway and lung models between a proximal aerosol adapter and distal aerosol circuit chamber.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A filter was connected to the upper airway to a spontaneously breathing lung model. Albuterol was nebulized using the aerosol adapter and circuit at different clinical flow settings. The aerosol mass deposited in the upper airway and lung was quantified. Particle size was measured with a laser diffractometer. Regional deposition was assessed with a gamma camera at each nebulizer location and patient model with minimum flow settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Inhaled lung doses ranged from 0.2\u20130.8% for neonates, 0.2\u20132.2% for the small child, and 0.5\u20135.2% for the adult models. Neonatal inhaled lung doses were not different between the aerosol circuit and adapter, but the aerosol circuit showed marginally greater lung doses in the pediatric and adult patient models. Impacted aerosols and condensation in the non-heated HFNC and aerosol delivery components contributed to the dispersion of coarse liquid droplets, high deposition (11\u201344%), and occlusion of the supine neonatal upper airway. In contrast, the upright pediatric and adult upper-airway models had minimal deposition (0.3\u20137.0%) and high fugitive losses (\u223c24%) from liquid droplets leaking out of the nose. The high impactive losses in the aerosol adapter (56%) were better contained than in the aerosol circuit, resulting in less cannula sputter (5% vs 22%), fewer fugitive losses (18% vs 24%), and smaller inhaled aerosols (5\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                          <mml:mo mathvariant=\"bold\">\u00b5<\/mml:mo>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      m vs 13\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                          <mml:mo mathvariant=\"bold\">\u00b5<\/mml:mo>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      m).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The inhaled lung dose was low (1\u20135%) during HFNC. Approaches that streamline aerosol delivery are needed to provide safe and effective therapy to patients receiving aerosolized medications with this HFNC system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.11400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T09:05:19Z","timestamp":1720515919000},"page":"1146-1160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Aerosol Delivery Efficiency With High-Flow Nasal Cannula Therapy in Neonatal, Pediatric, and Adult Nasal Upper-Airway and Lung Models"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Robert M","family":"DiBlasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Therapy Department, Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital, Seattle, Washington; and Center for Respiratory Biology and Therapeutics, Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca J","family":"Engberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Respiratory Biology and Therapeutics, Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Poli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Respiratory Biology and Therapeutics, Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen E","family":"Carlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niko","family":"Kontoudios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Therapy Department, Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital, Seattle, Washington; and Center for Respiratory Biology and Therapeutics, Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P Worth","family":"Longest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaki","family":"Kajimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Respiratory Biology and Therapeutics, Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/NPM-1474113"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2009.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.04317"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.05728"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2015.07.060"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201605-0916OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S206567"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.05153"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.05127"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24449"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.09589"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03206-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.08996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23509"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11070320"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2017.1366"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"945","article-title":"Aerosol therapy through high-flow nasal cannula in pediatric patients","volume":"11","author":"Al-Subu AM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al-Subu AM, , Hagen S, , Eldridge M, , Boriosi J. 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