{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:07:08Z","timestamp":1790885228017,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Stichting Nase","issue":"0","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rhin"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This systematic review examines 16 reported cases of olfactory disorders occurring after COVID-19 vaccination. Symptoms such\nas anosmia, parosmia, hyposmia, ageusia, and dysgeusia appeared within one week of vaccination. Among the 16 patients (12\nwomen, 4 men; mean age 38 years), 9 received the Pfizer mRNA vaccine, 6 received the AstraZeneca viral vector vaccine, and 1\nreceived the Moderna mRNA vaccine. Symptoms persisted from 4 days to 18 months, with varying degrees of severity. Diagnoses\nwere made using Sniffin\u2019 Sticks tests and T&amp;T olfactometry, mosty revealing mild hyposmia. Treatment included vitamin B12, multivitamins,\nolfactory training, Kampo formula, and, in some cases, corticosteroids. The hypothesized mechanism involves inflammatory\nresponses triggered by spike protein interaction with the \u03b17 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor on macrophages. Given the\nlack of definitive diagnostic methods, careful clinical evaluation is essential to rule out other causes such as subclinical COVID-19\ninfection. While olfactory disorders have been reported after vaccination, no direct causal relationship has been established.\nFurther research is needed to clarify underlying mechanisms and contributing factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4193\/rhin23.499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T12:12:13Z","timestamp":1751890333000},"page":"0-0","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Olfactory disorder after COVID-19 vaccination"],"prefix":"10.4193","volume":"0","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Kawabata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Yanagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Tei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Otori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2708","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"container-title":["Rhinology Journal"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T12:12:15Z","timestamp":1751890335000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.rhinologyjournal.com\/Abstract.php?id=3289"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"0","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4193\/rhin23.499","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-0729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-0729","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}}}