{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T16:12:57Z","timestamp":1778170377130,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Diabetes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>In recent years, the emergence of multiplex technology that can simultaneously measure multiple anti-islet autoantibodies has become particularly valuable for the staging and early diagnosis of immune-mediated type 1 diabetes (T1D). While it has been established that 20%-30% of T1D patients suffer from autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), there is limited available data regarding the presence of anti-islet autoantibodies in AITD patients. Among commercially available anti-islet autoantibodies, glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 autoantibodies (GADAs) are often the first marker measured in general clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>AIM<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>To investigate the frequency of anti-islet autoantibodies in AITD patients.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>METHODS<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Our study involved four hundred ninety-five AITD patients, categorized into three distinct groups: AITD with T1D (n  = 18), AITD with phenotypic type 2 diabetes (T2D) (n  = 81), and AITD without diabetes (n  = 396), and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to determine the frequencies of 3 Screen Islet Cell Autoantibody (3 Screen ICA), GADA, insulinoma-associated antigen-2 autoantibodies (IA-2As), and zinc transporter 8 autoantibodies (ZnT8As) within these groups.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>RESULTS<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>The frequency of 3 Screen ICA in AITD patients with T1D, T2D, and those without diabetes were 88.9%, 6.2%, and 5.1%, respectively, with no significant difference seen between the latter two groups. Notably, the frequency of 3 Screen ICA was 11.1% higher in AITD patients with T1D, 1.3% higher in AITD patients with T2D, and 1.1% higher in AITD patients without diabetes compared to GADA, respectively. Furthermore, 12.5%, 20.0%, and 20.0% of the 3 Screen ICA-positive patients were negative for GADA. Additionally, 1.3% of the AITD patients who tested negative for 3 Screen ICA in both the AITD with T2D and non-diabetic AITD groups were found to be positive for individual autoantibodies. Among the 3 Screen ICA-positive patients, there was a significantly higher proportion of individuals with multiple autoantibodies in AITD patients with T1D compared to those without diabetes (37.5% vs  5.0%, P  &lt; 0.05). However, this proportion was similar to that in AITD patients with T2D (20.0%). Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in 3 Screen ICA titers between AITD patients with T1D and those without diabetes (436.8 \u00b1 66.4 vs  308.1 \u00b1 66.4 index). Additionally, no significant difference in 3 Screen ICA titers was observed between Graves\u2019 disease and Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis in any of the groups.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>CONCLUSION<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Our findings reveal that some AITD patients without diabetes exhibit 3 Screen ICA titers comparable to those in AITD patients with T1D. Thus, 3 Screen ICA outperforms GADA in identifying latent anti-islet autoantibody-positive individuals among AITD patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v15.i5.935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T02:28:32Z","timestamp":1715308112000},"page":"935-944","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of 3 Screen Islet Cell Autoantibody in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease"],"prefix":"10.4239","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Eiji","family":"Kawasaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hidekazu","family":"Tamai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Fukuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoko","family":"Sagara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryutaro","family":"Hidaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aira","family":"Uchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masayuki","family":"Tojikubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Narihito","family":"Tatsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Akehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Hiromatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2060","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241210012"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i1.67"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12318"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2011.03976.x"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2022.102405"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.galenos.2023.2023-10-18"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.1995.0047"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2021.0517"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2022.113265"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-022-01856-5"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2016.08.013"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1028285"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.14038"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-S002"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.004"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.06.030"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2015.05.002"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1297\/cpe.23.99"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.k10e-068"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12996"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13980"}],"container-title":["World Journal of Diabetes"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/1948-9358\/full\/v15\/i5\/935.htm","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/1948-9358\/full\/v15\/i5\/935.htm","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T02:29:38Z","timestamp":1715308178000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/1948-9358\/full\/v15\/i5\/935.htm"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4239\/wjd.v15.i5.935","relation":{},"ISSN":["1948-9358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1948-9358","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]}}}