{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T13:45:29Z","timestamp":1785937529614,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Diabetes"],"abstract":"BACKGROUND<\/jats:p>\n Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision loss in working-age adults, with prevalence varying by population and reaching ~ 34% in northern India. DR arises from chronic hyperglycemia\u2013driven oxidative stress, inflammation, and microvascular dysfunction. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is central to leukocyte adhesion and retinal vascular injury; circulating ICAM-1 is elevated in patients and experimental models. Genetic variants in ICAM-1, notably c.1405A>G (rs5498) and c.721G>A (rs1799969), have been examined as risk markers for microvascular complications. Yet associations with DR are inconsistent across ethnicities, and robust data from northern India are limited, underscoring the need for population-specific studies.<\/jats:p>\n AIM<\/jats:p>\n To determine the association of ICAM-1 gene polymorphisms with DR in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) from northern India.<\/jats:p>\n METHODS<\/jats:p>\n The present study included 614 participants: 302 patients with T2DM and DR and 312 patients with T2DM but without DR. The ICAM-1 polymorphism c.1405A>G (rs5498) was analyzed using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism, and analysis of c.721G>A (rs1799969) was done using the amplification-refractory mutation system. Further, approximately 10% of samples were validated for both polymorphisms for the observed genotypes by Sanger sequencing. A meta-analysis incorporating nine studies (1844 DR cases and 1595 controls) was also performed to assess the association of ICAM-1 rs5498 with DR risk.<\/jats:p>\n RESULTS<\/jats:p>\n The allele frequency and genotype distribution of ICAM-1 c.1405A>G polymorphism in the DR and control groups were not significant (P = 0.070 and P = 0.120, respectively). The GG genotype revealed a 1.6-fold increased risk of developing retinopathy (odds ratio = 1.61, 95% confidence interval: 1.01-2.58, P = 0.044). However, the AG genotype did not show any significant association (P = 0.643) between DR cases and controls. With c.721G>A in ICAM-1 the onset and progression of retinopathy was not found to be significantly correlated. The meta-analysis revealed no significant association between rs5498 and DR risk in the overall population or in Asians, but a significant association was observed in Caucasians under the allelic and recessive models.<\/jats:p>\n CONCLUSION<\/jats:p>\n The ICAM-1 rs5498 GG genotype increased retinopathy risk 1.61-fold in northern Indians. Meta-analysis of nine studies found no Asian association; a Caucasian signal warrants caution given limited subgroups and heterogeneity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v16.i12.110770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T04:31:50Z","timestamp":1765513910000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Association of ICAM-1 Gene Polymorphisms with Diabetic Retinopathy in T2DM Patients from Northern India: Case-control and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.4239","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Navdeep","family":"Kaur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiwali","family":"Goyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indu R","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanita","family":"Vanita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2060","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Resnikoff S, Pascolini D, Etya\u2019ale D, Kocur I, Pararajasegaram R, Pokharel GP, Mariotti SP. 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