{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T18:56:30Z","timestamp":1781204190499,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Diabetes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Akkermansia muciniphila  (A. muciniphila ) has been shown to have positive effects on various metabolic diseases and partially prevent the onset of spontaneous type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in nonobese diabetic mice; however, its therapeutic efficacy in T1DM mice that have already developed T1DM remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>AIM<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>To assess the effects of A. muciniphila  intervention on the intestinal barrier, immune parameters [regulatory T (Tregs) cells\/T helper 1 cells balance, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1)\/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-\u03baB) signal] and intestinal flora in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced mouse model of T1DM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>METHODS<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Thirty male C57BL\/6 mice were randomized into three groups (n  = 10 for each): Normal control (NC group), STZ-induced T1DM (STZ group), and A. muciniphila -treated T1DM (A. muciniphila  group). T1DM was induced with STZ (50 mg\/kg\/ day intraperitoneally, 5 days). Body weight, blood glucose, and water intake were monitored weekly. T1DM was modelled in all STZ- and A. muciniphila -treated mice (random blood glucose &gt; 16.7 mmol\/L). A. muciniphila  group mice received oral A. muciniphila  (5 \u00d7 107 colony-forming units\/mouse) for 3 days. Following sacrifice, pancreatic histopathology, cytokines in splenic tissue, colonic zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1)\/zonulin expression, cluster of differentiation (CD) 4+\/CD8+ T-cell ratios, forkhead box P3 (FoxP3+) Tregs, STAT1\/NF-\u03baB p65 signaling, and gut microbiota composition were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>RESULTS<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Compared with STZ group alone, A. muciniphila  group did not affect metabolic parameters. Histopathologically, STZ group and A. muciniphila  group pancreatic islet cells underwent vacuolar degeneration and necrosis, exhibiting reduced counts and significantly decreased insulin positivity (P  &lt; 0.05 vs  NC), with no intergroup differences. Flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed elevated tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-\u03b2), and zonulin levels and decreased ZO-1 expression in STZ vs  NC mice (P  &lt; 0.05). Compared with STZ alone, A. muciniphila  group reduced TNF-\u03b1, TGF-\u03b2, and zonulin levels while increasing the CD4+\/CD8+ ratio, FoxP3+ Tregs, interleukin-4, and ZO-1 (P  &lt; 0.05). Colonic NF-\u03baB p65 expression was higher in STZ vs  NC mice (P  &lt; 0.05), with no significant A. muciniphila  group\/NC difference after the intervention of A. muciniphila . The expression of NF-\u03baB p65 in A. muciniphila  group was lower than that in STZ group. STAT1 expression was lower in A. muciniphila vs  STZ mice (P  &lt; 0.05). 16S sequencing revealed reduced Actinobacteria  abundance in A. muciniphila vs  STZ mice (P  &lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>CONCLUSION<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Short-term intervention with A. muciniphila  has shown positive effects on immune response parameters, exemplified by Treg-mediated restoration of immune tolerance, which may be associated with intestinal barrier enhancement and the decreased abundance of intestinal Actinobacteria .<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v16.i12.111771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T04:31:50Z","timestamp":1765513910000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Oral\n                    <i>Akkermansia muciniphila<\/i>\n                    may ameliorates immune dysregulation in a murine model of streptozotocin-induced type 1 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