{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:45:35Z","timestamp":1791477935212,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Diabetes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Serum retinol-binding protein (RBP) is the primary transport protein of circulating vitamin A. RBP has a crucial role in maintaining nutrient metabolism and physiologic homeostasis. Several studies have indicated that serum RBP participates in the progression of diabetes and diabetes-related complications. However, the impact of serum RBP on lower limb atherosclerosis has not been determined in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>AIM<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>To determine the association between serum RBP and lower limb atherosclerosis in individuals with T2DM.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>METHODS<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>This retrospective study enrolled 4428 eligible T2DM patients and divided the patients into non-lower limb atherosclerosis (n  = 1913) and lower limb atherosclerosis groups (n  = 2515) based on lower limb arterial ultrasonography results. At hospital admission, baseline serum RBP levels were assessed, and all subjects were categorized into three groups (Q1-Q3) based on RBP tertiles. Logistic regression, restricted cubic spline regression, subgroup analysis, and machine learning were used to assess the association between RBP levels and lower limb atherosclerosis risk.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>RESULTS<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Among 4428 individuals with T2DM, 2515 (56.80%) had lower limb atherosclerosis. Logistic analysis showed that lower limb atherosclerosis risk increased by 1% for every 1 unit rise in serum RBP level (odds ratio = 1.01, 95% confidence interval: 1.00-1.02, P  = 0.004). Patients in the highest tertile group (Q3) had a higher lower limb atherosclerosis risk compared to the lowest tertile group (Q1) (odds ratio = 1.36, 95% confidence interval: 1.12-1.67, P  = 0.002). The lower limb atherosclerosis risk gradually increased with an increase in RBP tertile (P  for trend = 0.005). Restricted cubic spline analysis indicated a linear correlation between serum RBP levels and lower limb atherosclerosis risk (non-linear P  &lt; 0.05). Machine learning demonstrated the significance and diagnostic value of serum RBP in predicting lower limb atherosclerosis risk.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>CONCLUSION<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Elevated serum RBP levels correlate with an increased lower limb atherosclerosis risk in individuals with T2DM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v16.i3.98590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T20:02:58Z","timestamp":1737403378000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association between serum retinol-binding protein and lower limb atherosclerosis risk in type 2 diabetes 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