{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:32:33Z","timestamp":1787031153593,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Diabetes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) represents the discrepancy between the glucose management indicator (GMI) based on mean blood glucose levels and laboratory values of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). The HGI is a promising indicator for identifying individuals with excessive glycosylation, facilitating personalized evaluation and prediction of diabetic complications. However, the factors influencing the HGI in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) remain unclear. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic \u03b2 cells is central in T1D pathogenesis, yet insulin resistance can also be a feature of patients with T1D and their coexistence is called \u201cdouble diabetes\u201d (DD). However, knowledge regarding the relationship between DD features and the HGI in T1D is limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>AIM<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>To assess the association between the HGI and DD features in adults with T1D.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>METHODS<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 83 patients with T1D were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Laboratory HbA1c and GMI from continuous glucose monitoring data were collected to calculate the HGI. DD features included a family history of type 2 diabetes, overweight\/obesity\/central adiposity, hypertension, atherogenic dyslipidemia, an abnormal percentage of body fat (PBF) and\/or visceral fat area (VFA) and decreased estimated insulin sensitivity. Skin autofluorescence of advanced glycation end products (SAF-AGEs), diabetic complications, and DD features were assessed, and their association with the HGI was analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>RESULTS<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>A discrepancy was observed between HbA1c and GMI among patients with T1D and DD. A higher HGI was associated with an increased number of SAF-AGEs and a higher prevalence of diabetic microangiopathy (P  = 0.030), particularly retinopathy (P  = 0.031). Patients with three or more DD features exhibited an eight-fold increased risk of having a high HGI, compared with those without DD features (adjusted odds ratio = 8.12; 95% confidence interval: 1.52-43.47). Specifically, an elevated PBF and\/or VFA and decreased estimated insulin sensitivity were associated with high HGI. Regression analysis identified estimated insulin sensitivity and VFA as factors independently associated with HGI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>CONCLUSION<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In patients with T1D, DD features are associated with a higher HGI, which represents a trend toward excessive glycosylation and is associated with a higher prevalence of chronic diabetic complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v16.i4.100917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T01:17:02Z","timestamp":1740705422000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Hemoglobin glycation index among adults with type 1 diabetes: Association with double diabetes features"],"prefix":"10.4239","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiao-Lin","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Ting","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan-Su","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2060","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05568-3"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.19666"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2003"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1056-8727(01)00227-6"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1581"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa029"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109039"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487317692664"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1108061"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.14066"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000002717"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0802743"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-1844"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171753"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.10.2569"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-1040"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-0980"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2022.108223"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2013.10.002"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175547"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.09.017"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-1780"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2018.1453991"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3640"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13973"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15212"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1303"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.24.9.1297"},{"key":"B31","unstructured":"Zhou BF; Cooperative Meta-Analysis Group of the Working Group on Obesity in China. 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