{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T15:47:49Z","timestamp":1759938469671,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Diabetes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has recently been associated with abnormal profiles of inflammatory cells and cytokines, though the findings remain inconsistent and unclear.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>AIM<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>To elucidate the peripheral immune status in GDM.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>METHODS<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>We systematically screened databases including Web of Science, PubMed, and EMBASE for eligible studies. Original articles reporting different immune cell levels in GDM compared to normal glucose-tolerance pregnant women were included to extract usable data. The pooled mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was analyzed as the outcome measure. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was employed to assess study quality.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>RESULTS<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>A total of 19 studies involving various immune cell subgroups were included in our analysis. Specifically, total CD4+ T cells (WMD = 3.08; 95%CI: 0.81-5.35) were significantly increased in GDM groups. In contrast, total lymphocytes (SMD = 0.05; 95%CI: -0.16 to 0.26), CD3+ T cells (SMD = -0.34; 95%CI: -1.01 to 0.32), CD8+ T cells (SMD = 0.21; 95%CI: -0.31 to 0.73), and natural killer T (NKT) Cells (SMD = 0.83; 95%CI: -1.10 to 2.75) showed no significant changes in GDM. Activation markers (HLA-DR+ or CD69+) on CD4+ T cells (WMD = 0.20; 95%CI: 0.06-0.34) were increased in GDM patients. Treg cells, a classical subgroup of CD4+ T cells, showed a decreasing trend in GDM compared to controls (SMD = -0.83; 95%CI: -1.31 to -0.34). These results indicate an abnormal immune status in the peripheral profiles of GDM.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>CONCLUSION<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>GDM may not only be a dysglycemia-related condition but also an immune disorder characterized by abnormal peripheral immune profiles, including higher levels of CD4+ T cells and a reduced population of Treg cells. Treating immune dysregulation could be a new direction for GDM management, although further research is needed to understand the precise mechanisms of immune overactivation in GDM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v16.i7.105156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T02:08:26Z","timestamp":1752545306000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Abnormal peripheral cellular immune profiles in gestational diabetes mellitus: A 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