{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T15:46:39Z","timestamp":1775490399353,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Diabetes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Malaysia continue to have substantial comorbidities and struggle to achieve glycemic targets.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>AIM<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>To comprehensively evaluate diabetes self-care and glycemic control using multiple self-reporting questionnaires.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>METHODS<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Adults diagnosed with T2DM attending the Seremban Health Clinic were recruited in this cross-sectional study. Eligible participants were recruited based on a consecutive sampling technique, first-come-first-served-basis if they fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In addition to the usual sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory data, the participants answered seven specific self-reporting questionnaires. This report was focused on six key variables: Glycemic control; self-care; self-efficacy; diabetes knowledge; health literacy; and medication adherence.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>RESULTS<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>A total of 100 adults with T2DM participated. The proportions of participants achieving specific thresholds in the key variables were: Acceptable glycemic control 39.4%; adequate diabetes knowledge 59.6%; sufficient or higher health literacy 80.2%; and medication adherence 51.0%. The mean self-efficacy score was 110.6 (73.3% of maximum), and the mean self-care score was 30.7 (43.9% of maximum). A statistically significant linear correlation was observed for eight pairs of key variables with Pearson\u2019s correlation values varying between 0.21 to 0.55. Self-efficacy had a relatively higher correlation while glycated hemoglobin was not correlated with other key variables. Path analysis was conducted to examine the relationships among diabetes self-efficacy (Diabetes Management Self Efficacy scale score), self-care behavior (Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities score), and glycemic control, but the model demonstrated a poor fit (\u03c7 \u00b2 = 28.1, P  &lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>CONCLUSION<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>We found substantial suboptimal glycemic control and low self-care practices but acceptable levels of diabetes knowledge, self-efficacy, health literacy and medication adherence among the patients with T2DM. In spite of the correlations between self-care, self-efficacy, and medication adherence, it was surprising that self-care did not correlate with glycemic control. Prospective cohort studies are needed to explore whether these factors influence diabetes outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v16.i9.105138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T13:00:38Z","timestamp":1757509238000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exploring the relationship between health knowledge, health literacy, self-care, self-efficacy, and glycemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus"],"prefix":"10.4239","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sasikala D","family":"Amirthalingam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malanashita","family":"Ganeson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chandramani","family":"Thuraisingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Verna K M","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun Wai","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lokman H","family":"Sulaiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sivarajan","family":"Ramasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamad A","family":"Bujang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheong Lieng","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2060","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.838027"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05585-2"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"IHME.   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