{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,14]],"date-time":"2026-11-14T14:30:32Z","timestamp":1794666632369,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Gastrointest Surg"],"abstract":"BACKGROUND<\/jats:p>\n Gallstone disease is one of the most common digestive disorders in the United States and leads to significant morbidity, mortality, and health care utilization.<\/jats:p>\n AIM<\/jats:p>\n To expand on earlier findings and investigate prepandemic rates and trends in the gallstone disease burden in the United States using national survey and claims databases.<\/jats:p>\n METHODS<\/jats:p>\n The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, National Inpatient Sample, Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, Nationwide Ambulatory Surgery Sample, Vital Statistics of the United States, Optum Clinformatics\u00ae Data Mart, and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Medicare 5% Sample and Medicaid files were used to estimate claims-based prevalence, medical care including cholecystectomy, and mortality with a primary or other gallstone diagnosis. Rates were age-adjusted (for national databases) and shown per 100000 population.<\/jats:p>\n RESULTS<\/jats:p>\n Gallstone disease prevalence ( claims-based, 2019) was 0.70% among commercial insurance enrollees, 1.03% among Medicaid beneficiaries, and 2.09% among Medicare beneficiaries and rose over the previous decade. Recently, in the United States population, gallstone disease contributed to approximately 2.2 million ambulatory care visits, 1.2 million emergency department visits, 625000 hospital discharges, and 2000 deaths annually. Women had higher medical care rates with a gallstone disease diagnosis, but mortality rates were higher among men. Hispanics had higher ambulatory care visit and hospital discharge rates compared with Whites, but not mortality rates. Blacks had lower ambulatory care visit and mortality rates, but similar hospital discharge rates compared with whites. During the study period, ambulatory care and emergency department visit rates with a gallstone disease diagnosis rose, while hospital discharge and mortality rates declined. Among commercial insurance enrollees, rates were higher compared with national data for ambulatory care visits and hospitalizations, but lower for emergency department visits. Cholecystectomies performed in the United States included 605000 ambulatory laparoscopic, 280000 inpatient laparoscopic, and 49000 inpatient open procedures annually. Among commercial insurance enrollees, rates were higher compared with national data for laparoscopic procedures.<\/jats:p>\n CONCLUSION<\/jats:p>\n The gallstone disease burden in the United States is substantial and increasing, particularly among women, Hispanics, and older adults with laparoscopic cholecystectomy as the mainstay treatment. Current practice patterns should be monitored for better health care access.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4240\/wjgs.v16.i4.1130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,21]],"date-time":"2024-04-21T08:00:03Z","timestamp":1713686403000},"page":"1130-1148","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Burden of gallstone disease in the United States population: Prepandemic rates and trends"],"prefix":"10.4240","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Aynur","family":"Unalp-Arida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constance E","family":"Ruhl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2060","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0016-5085(99)70456-7"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.10.060"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-023-05861-z"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000264"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.02.038"},{"key":"B6","unstructured":"Everhart JE. Gallstones. In: Everhart JE, editor. Digestive diseases in the United States: epidemiology and impact. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1994; NIH Publication No. 94\u20131447: 647\u2013690"},{"key":"B7","unstructured":"Cullen KA, Hall MJ, Golosinskiy A. Ambulatory surgery in the United States, 2006. Natl Health Stat Report 2009; 1-25"},{"key":"B8","unstructured":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. NIDDK Strategic Plan for Research. [cited 13 March 2024]. Available from: https:\/\/www.niddk.nih.gov\/about-niddk\/strategic-plans-reports\/niddk-strategic-plan-for-research"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.10.017"},{"key":"B10","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics. [cited 13 March 2024]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/ahcd\/index.htm"},{"key":"B11","unstructured":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. [cited 13 March 2024]. Available from: https:\/\/www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov\/nisoverview.jsp#whats"},{"key":"B12","unstructured":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. [cited 13 March 2024]. Available from: https:\/\/www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov\/nedsoverview.jsp"},{"key":"B13","unstructured":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. [cited 13 March 2024]. Available from: https:\/\/www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov\/nassoverview.jsp"},{"key":"B14","unstructured":"National Bureau of Economic Research. Mortality Data - Vital Statistics NCHS Multiple Cause of Death Data. [cited 13 March 2024]. Available from: https:\/\/www.nber.org\/research\/data\/mortality-data-vital-statistics-nchs-multiple-cause-death-data"},{"key":"B15","unstructured":"OPTUM\u00ae. Clinformatics\u00ae Data Mart Database. [cited 13 March 2024]. Available from: https:\/\/www.optum.com\/content\/dam\/optum\/resources\/productSheets\/Clinformatics_for_Data_Mart.pdf"},{"key":"B16","unstructured":"Chronic Conditions Data Warehouse. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. [cited 13 March 2024]. Available from: https:\/\/www2.ccwdata.org\/web\/guest\/home\/"},{"key":"B17","unstructured":"Anderson RN, Rosenberg HM. Age standardization of death rates: implementation of the year 2000 standard. Natl Vital Stat Rep 1998; 47: 1-16, 20"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.08.16.23294166"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003134821989044"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2017.01.011"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2021.03.052"},{"key":"B22","unstructured":"Research Data Assistance Center. Getting Started with CMS Data. [cited 13 March 2024]. 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