{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T08:03:49Z","timestamp":1792569829356,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["WJGO"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011]]},"DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v3.i2.19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,2]],"date-time":"2011-03-02T08:57:54Z","timestamp":1299056274000},"page":"19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Intestinal lymphangiectasia in adults"],"prefix":"10.4251","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Hugh James","family":"Freeman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2060","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waldmann TA, Steinfeld JL, Dutcher TF, Davidson JD, Gordon RS Jr. The role of the gastrointestinal system in \"idiopathic hypoproteinemia\". Gastroenterology 1961;41:197-207.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)35130-3"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freeman HJ. Small intestinal mucosal biopsy for investigation of diarrhea and malabsorption in adults. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2000;10:739-753, vii.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1052-5157(18)30106-5"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hart MH, Vanderhoof JA, Antonson DL. Failure of blind small bowel biopsy in the diagnosis of intestinal lymphangiectasia. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1987;6:803-805.","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-198709000-00026"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hokari R, Kitagawa N, Watanabe C, Komoto S, Kurihara C, Okada Y, Kawaguchi A, Nagao S, Hibi T, Miura S. Changes in regulatory molecules for lymphangiogenesis in intestinal lymphangiectasia with enteric protein loss. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;23:e88-e95.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2007.05225.x"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmider A, Henrich W, Reles A, Vogel M, Dudenhausen JW. Isolated fetal ascites caused by primary lymphangiectasia: a case report. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:227-228.","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.106756"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vignes S, Bellanger J. Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia (Waldmann's disease). Orphanet J Rare Dis 2008;3:5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-3-5"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim JH, Bak YT, Kim JS, Seol SY, Shin BK, Kim HK. Clinical significance of duodenal lymphangiectasia incidentally found during routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Endoscopy 2009;41:510-515.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1214611"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao R, Shashidhar H. Intestinal lymphangiectasia presenting as abdominal mass. Gastrointest Endosc 2007;65:522-523, discussion 523.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2006.10.026"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colizza S, Tiso B, Bracci F, Cudemo RG, Bigotti A, Crisci E. Cystic lymphangioma of stomach and jejunum: report of one case. J Surg Oncol 1981;17:169-176.","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.2930170212"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camilleri M, Satti MB, Wood CB. Cystic lymphangioma of the colon. Endoscopic and histologic features. Dis Colon Rectum 1982;25:813-816.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02553323"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis M, Fenoglio-Preiser C, Haque AK. Cavernous lymphangioma of the duodenum: case report and review of the literature. Gastrointest Radiol 1987;12:10-12.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01885092"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lenzhofer R, Lindner M, Moser A, Berger J, Schuschnigg C, Thurner J. Acute jejunal ileus in intestinal lymphangiectasia. Clin Investig 1993;71:568-571.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00208483"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perisic VN, Kokai G. Coeliac disease and lymphangiectasia. Arch Dis Child 1992;67:134-136.","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.67.1.134"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Iida F, Wada R, Sato A, Yamada T. Clinicopathologic consideration of protein-losing enteropathy due to lymphangiectasia of the intestine. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1980;151:391-395."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herfarth H, Hofst&auml;dter F, Feuerbach S, J&uuml;rgen Schlitt H, Sch&ouml;lmerich J, Rogler G. A case of recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding and protein-losing gastroenteropathy. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;4:288-293.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep0812"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baichi MM, Arifuddin RM, Mantry PS. Acute gastrointestinal bleeding from focal duodenal lymphangiectasia. Scand J Gastroenterol 2007;42:1269-1270.","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520701250538"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lom J, Dhere T, Obideen K. Intestinal lymphangiectasia causing massive gastrointestinal bleed. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010;44:74-75.","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3181a403af"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macdonald J, Porter V, Scott NW, McNamara D. Small bowel lymphangiectasia and angiodysplasia: a positive association; novel clinical marker or shared pathophysiology? J Clin Gastroenterol 2010;44:610-614.","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3181dd9c3f"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Kalman S, Bakkalo\u011flu S, Dalgi&ccedil; B, Ozkaya O, S&ouml;ylemezo\u011flu O, Buyan N. Recurrent hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with intestinal lymphangiectasia. J Nephrol 2007;20:246-249."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahli H, Ben Mbarek R, Elleuch M, Azzouz D, Meddeb N, Ch&eacute;our E, Azzouz MM, Sellami S. Osteomalacia in a patient with primary intestinal lymphangiectasis (Waldmann's disease). Joint Bone Spine 2008;75:73-75.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2007.01.045"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu YY, Wu JF, Ni YH, Peng SS, Shun CT, Chang MH. Hypocalcemia and tetany caused by vitamin D deficiency in a child with intestinal lymphangiectasia. J Formos Med Assoc 2009;108:814-818.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-6646(09)60410-1"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samman PD, White WF. The &ldquo;yellow nail&rdquo; syndrome. Br J Dermatol 1964;76:153-157.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1964.tb14499.x"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Bereket A, Lowenheim M, Blethen SL, Kane P, Wilson TA. Intestinal lymphangiectasia in a patient with autoimmune polyglandular disease type I and steatorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:933-935."},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"Makharia GK, Tandon N, Stephen Nde J, Gupta SD, Tandon RK. Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia as a component of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type I: a report of 2 cases. Indian J Gastroenterol 2007;26:293-295."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cammarota G, Cianci R, Gasbarrini G. High-resolution magnifying video endoscopy in primary intestinal lymphangiectasia: a new role for endoscopy? Endoscopy 2005;37:607.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-861338"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim JH, Bak YT, Kim JS, Seol SY, Shin BK, Kim HK. Clinical significance of duodenal lymphangiectasia incidentally found during routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Endoscopy 2009;41:510-515.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1214611"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maunoury V, Plane C, Cortot A. Lymphangiectasia in Waldmann's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;3:xxxiii.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(04)00612-3"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danielsson A, Toth E, Thorlacius H. Capsule endoscopy in the management of a patient with a rare syndrome--yellow nail syndrome with intestinal lymphangiectasia. Gut 2006;55:196, 233.","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.065748"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang YH, Zhang BL, Wu JG, Chen CX. A primary intestinal lymphangiectasia patient diagnosed by capsule endoscopy and confirmed at surgery: a case report. World J Gastroenterol 2007;13:2263-2265.","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i15.2263"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fry LC, Bellutti M, Neumann H, Malfertheiner P, Monkemuller K. Utility of double-balloon enteroscopy for the evaluation of malabsorption. Dig Dis 2008;26:134-139.","DOI":"10.1159\/000116771"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellutti M, M&ouml;nkem&uuml;ller K, Fry LC, Dombrowski F, Malfertheiner P. Characterization of yellow plaques found in the small bowel during double-balloon enteroscopy. Endoscopy 2007;39:1059-1063.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-966824"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"Liu NF, Lu Q, Wang CG, Zhou JG. Magnetic resonance imaging as a new method to diagnose protein losing enteropathy. Lymphology 2008;41:111-115."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strober W, Wochner RD, Carbone PP, Waldmann TA. Intestinal lymphangiectasia: a protein-losing enteropathy with hypogammaglobulinemia, lymphocytopenia and impaired homograft rejection. J Clin Invest 1967;46:1643-1656.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI105656"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiden PL, Blaese RM, Strober W, Block JB, Waldmann TA. Impaired lymphocyte transformation in intestinal lymphangiectasia: evidence for at least two functionally distinct lymphocyte populations in man. J Clin Invest 1972;51:1319-1325.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106928"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heresbach D, Raoul JL, Genetet N, Noret P, Siproudhis L, Ram&eacute;e MP, Bretagne JF, Gosselin M. Immunological study in primary intestinal lymphangiectasia. Digestion 1994;55:59-64.","DOI":"10.1159\/000201124"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuss IJ, Strober W, Cuccherini BA, Pearlstein GR, Bossuyt X, Brown M, Fleisher TA, Horgan K. Intestinal lymphangiectasia, a disease characterized by selective loss of naive CD45RA+ lymphocytes into the gastrointestinal tract. Eur J Immunol 1998;28:4275-4285.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199812)28:12<4275::AID-IMMU4275>3.0.CO;2-P"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vignes S, Carcelain G. Increased surface receptor Fas (CD95) levels on CD4+ lymphocytes in patients with primary intestinal lymphangiectasia. Scand J Gastroenterol 2009;44:252-256.","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520802321220"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiu NT, Lee BF, Hwang SJ, Chang JM, Liu GC, Yu HS. Protein-losing enteropathy: diagnosis with (99m)Tc-labeled human serum albumin scintigraphy. Radiology 2001;219:86-90.","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.219.1.r01ap2986"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maconi G, Molteni P, Manzionna G, Parente F, Bianchi Porro G. Ultrasonographic features of long-standing primary intestinal lymphangiectasia. Eur J Ultrasound 1998;7:195-198.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-8266(98)00037-8"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzie JP, Maslin PI, Moy L, Price AP, Katz DS. Congenital intestinal lymphangiectasia: CT demonstration in a young child. Clin Imaging 2003;27:330-332.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-7071(02)00588-0"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang DM, Jung DH. Localized intestinal lymphangiectasia: CT findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003;180:213-214.","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.180.1.1800213"},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"Liu NF, Lu Q, Wang CG, Zhou JG. Magnetic resonance imaging as a new method to diagnose protein losing enteropathy. Lymphology 2008;41:111-115."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"So Y, Chung JK, Seo JK, Ko JS, Kim JY, Lee DS, Lee MC. Different patterns of lymphoscintigraphic findings in patients with intestinal lymphangiectasia. Nucl Med Commun 2001;22:1249-1254.","DOI":"10.1097\/00006231-200111000-00013"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freeman HJ. Tropheryma whipplei infection. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15:2078-2080.","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.2078"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chung HV, Ramji A, Davis JE, Chang S, Reid GD, Salh B, Freeman HJ, Yoshida EM. Abdominal pain as the initial and sole clinical presenting feature of systemic lupus erythematosus. Can J Gastroenterol 2003;17:111-113.","DOI":"10.1155\/2003\/768184"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broder S, Callihan TR, Jaffe ES, DeVita VT, Strober W, Bartter FC, Waldmann TA. Resolution of longstanding protein-losing enteropathy in a patient with intestinal lymphangiectasia after treatment for malignant lymphoma. Gastroenterology 1981;80:166-168.","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(81)90208-0"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laharie D, Degenne V, Laharie H, Cazorla S, Belleannee G, Couzigou P, Amouretti M. Remission of protein-losing enteropathy after nodal lymphoma treatment in a patient with primary intestinal lymphangiectasia. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;17:1417-1419.","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200512000-00024"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shpilberg O, Shimon I, Bujanover Y, Ben-Bassat I. Remission of malabsorption in congenital intestinal lymphangiectasia following chemotherapy for lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 1993;11:147-148.","DOI":"10.3109\/10428199309054743"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouhnik Y, Etienney I, Nemeth J, Thevenot T, Lavergne-Slove A, Matuchansky C. Very late onset small intestinal B cell lymphoma associated with primary intestinal lymphangiectasia and diffuse cutaneous warts. Gut 2000;47:296-300.","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.47.2.296"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeffries GH, Chapman A, Sleisenger MH. Low-fat diet in intestinal lymphangiectasia. Its effect on albumin metabolism. N Engl J Med 1964;270:761-766.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196404092701503"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen J, Tang Q, Wu J, Wang Y, Cai W. Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia: four case reports and a review of the literature. Dig Dis Sci 2010;55:3466-3472.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-010-1161-1"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aoyagi K, Iida M, Matsumoto T, Sakisaka S. Enteral nutrition as a primary therapy for intestinal lymphangiectasia: value of elemental diet and polymeric diet compared with total parenteral nutrition. Dig Dis Sci 2005;50:1467-1470.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-005-2863-7"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacLean JE, Cohen E, Weinstein M. Primary intestinal and thoracic lymphangiectasia: a response to antiplasmin therapy. Pediatrics 2002;109:1177-1180.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.6.1177"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klingenberg RD, Homann N, Ludwig D. Type I intestinal lymphangiectasia treated successfully with slow-release octreotide. Dig Dis Sci 2003;48:1506-1509.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024707605493"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen CP, Chao Y, Li CP, Lo WC, Wu CW, Tsay SH, Lee RC, Chang FY. Surgical resection of duodenal lymphangiectasia: a case report. World J Gastroenterol 2003;9:2880-2882.","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v9.i12.2880"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen J, Tang Q, Wu J, Wang Y, Cai W. Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia: four case reports and a review of the literature. Dig Dis Sci 2010;55:3466-3472.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-010-1161-1"}],"container-title":["World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,8]],"date-time":"2019-06-08T23:15:05Z","timestamp":1560035705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/1948-5204\/full\/v3\/i2\/19.htm"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4251\/wjgo.v3.i2.19","relation":{},"ISSN":["1948-5204"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1948-5204","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011]]}}}