{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:07:40Z","timestamp":1792019260558,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Stem Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Heart transplantation is a crucial intervention for severe heart failure, yet the challenge of organ rejection is significant. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and their exosomes have demonstrated potential in modulating T cells, dendtitic cells (DCs), and cytokines to achieve immunomodulatory effects. DCs, as key antigen-presenting cells, play a critical role in shaping immune responses by influencing T-cell activation and cytokine production. Through this modulation, BMSCs and their exosomes enhance graft tolerance and prolonging survival.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>AIM<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>To explore the immunomodulatory effects of exosomes derived from BMSCs overexpressing microRNA-540-3p (miR-540-3p) on cardiac allograft tolerance, focusing on how these exosomes modulating DCs and T cells activity through the CD74\/nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-\u03baB) pathway.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>METHODS<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Rat models were used to assess the impact of miR-540-3p-enhanced exosomes on immune tolerance in cardiac allografts. MiR-540-3p expression was manipulated in BMSCs, and derived exosomes were collected and administered to the rat models post-heart transplantation. The study monitored expression levels of major histocompatibility complex II, CD80, CD86, and CD274 in DCs, and quantified CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, T regulatory cells, and cytokine profiles.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>RESULTS<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Exosomes from miR-540-3p-overexpressing BMSCs lead to reduced expression of immune activation markers CD74 and NF-\u03baB p65 in DCs and T cells. Rats treated with these exosomes showed decreased inflammation and improved cardiac function, indicated by lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1\u03b2, interferon-\u03b3) and higher levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-10, transforming growth factor \u03b21). Additionally, miR-540-3p skewed the profiles of DCs and T cells towards immune tolerance, increasing the ratio of T regulatory cells and shifting cytokine secretion to favor graft acceptance.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>CONCLUSION<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Exosomes derived from BMSCs overexpressing miR-540-3p significantly enhance immune tolerance and prolong cardiac allograft survival by modulating the CD74\/NF-\u03baB pathway, which regulates activities of DCs and T cells. These findings highlight a promising therapeutic strategy to improve heart transplantation outcomes and potentially reduce the need for prolonged immunosuppression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v16.i12.1022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T08:40:45Z","timestamp":1733992845000},"page":"1022-1046","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Exosomes derived from microRNA-540-3p overexpressing mesenchymal stem cells promote immune tolerance <i>via<\/i> the CD74\/nuclear factor-kappaB pathway in cardiac allograft"],"prefix":"10.4252","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ji-Gang","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin-Xin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gao-Peng","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fu-Gang","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2060","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15420\/cfr.2016:25:2"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1573403x09666131117163825"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mcdermott JK.   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