{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:03:49Z","timestamp":1790143429495,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["WJGE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"DOI":"10.4253\/wjge.v6.i10.457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,17]],"date-time":"2014-10-17T07:39:03Z","timestamp":1413531543000},"page":"457","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":124,"title":["Risk of transmission of carbapenem-resistantEnterobacteriaceae<\/i>and related \u201csuperbugs\u201d during gastrointestinal endoscopy"],"prefix":"10.4253","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Lawrence F","family":"Muscarella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2060","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petersen BT, Chennat J, Cohen J, Cotton PB, Greenwald DA, Kowalski TE, Krinsky ML, Park WG, Pike IM, Romagnuolo J. Multisociety guideline on reprocessing flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes: 2011. Gastrointest Endosc 2011;73:1075-1084.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2011.03.1183"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muscarella LF. Investigation and prevention of infectious outbreaks during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Endoscopy 2010;42:957-959.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1255871"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muscarella LF. The study of a contaminated colonoscope. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;8:577-80.e1.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.04.025"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelson DB, Muscarella LF. Current issues in endoscope reprocessing and infection control during gastrointestinal endoscopy. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:3953-3964.","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i25.3953"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muscarella LF. Inconsistencies in endoscope-reprocessing and infection-control guidelines: the importance of endoscope drying. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:2147-2154.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00712.x"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muscarella LF. Recommendations for preventing hepatitis C virus infection: analysis of a Brooklyn endoscopy clinic’s outbreak. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001;22:669.","DOI":"10.1086\/503391"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allen JI, Allen MO, Olson MM, Gerding DN, Shanholtzer CJ, Meier PB, Vennes JA, Silvis SE. Pseudomonas infection of the biliary system resulting from use of a contaminated endoscope. Gastroenterology 1987;92:759-763.","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)90029-1"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvarado CJ, Stolz SM, Maki DG. Nosocomial infections from contaminated endoscopes: a flawed automated endoscope washer. An investigation using molecular epidemiology. Am J Med 1991;91:272S-280S.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(91)90381-7"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birnie GG, Quigley EM, Clements GB, Follet EA, Watkinson G. Endoscopic transmission of hepatitis B virus. Gut 1983;24:171-174.","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.24.2.171"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bronowicki JP, Venard V, Botté C, Monhoven N, Gastin I, Choné L, Hudziak H, Rihn B, Delanoë C, LeFaou A. Patient-to-patient transmission of hepatitis C virus during colonoscopy. N Engl J Med 1997;337:237-240.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199707243370404"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cryan EM, Falkiner FR, Mulvihill TE, Keane CT, Keeling PW. Pseudomonas aeruginosa cross-infection following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. J Hosp Infect 1984;5:371-376.","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(84)90004-5"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Struelens MJ, Rost F, Deplano A, Maas A, Schwam V, Serruys E, Cremer M. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia after biliary endoscopy: an outbreak investigation using DNA macrorestriction analysis. Am J Med 1993;95:489-498.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(93)90331-I"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bajolet O, Ciocan D, Vallet C, de Champs C, Vernet-Garnier V, Guillard T, Brasme L, Thiefin G, Cadiot G, Bureau-Chalot F. Gastroscopy-associated transmission of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Hosp Infect 2013;83:341-343.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2012.10.016"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kovaleva J, Peters FT, van der Mei HC, Degener JE. Transmission of infection by flexible gastrointestinal endoscopy and bronchoscopy. Clin Microbiol Rev 2013;26:231-254.","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00085-12"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deas T, Sinsel L. Ensuring patient safety and optimizing efficiency during gastrointestinal endoscopy. AORN J 2014;99:396-406.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aorn.2013.10.022"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vital signs: carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013;62:165-170."},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Eisler P. Deadly superbugs invade U.S. health care facilities. USA Today 2013;March 6 [cited 2014 Augest 20] Available from: http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/news\/nation\/2012\/11\/29\/bacteria-deadly-hospital-infection\/1727667\/<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzariol A, Bošnjak Z, Ballarini P, Budimir A, Bedeni\u0107 B, Kaleni\u0107 S, Cornaglia G. NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, Croatia. Emerg Infect Dis 2012;18:532-534.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1803.1103890"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Detection of Enterobacteriaceae isolates carrying metallo-beta-lactamase - United States, 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2010;59:750."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alrabaa SF, Nguyen P, Sanderson R, Baluch A, Sandin RL, Kelker D, Karlapalem C, Thompson P, Sams K, Martin S. Early identification and control of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, originating from contaminated endoscopic equipment. Am J Infect Control 2013;41:562-564.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2012.07.008"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aumeran C, Poincloux L, Souweine B, Robin F, Laurichesse H, Baud O, Bommelaer G, Traoré O. Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae outbreak after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Endoscopy 2010;42:895-899.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1255647"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carbonne A, Thiolet JM, Fournier S, Fortineau N, Kassis-Chikhani N, Boytchev I, Aggoune M, Seguier JC, Senechal H, Tavolacci MP. Control of a multi-hospital outbreak of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae type 2 in France, September to October 2009. Euro Surveill 2010;15.","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.15.48.19734-en"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koo VS, O’Neill P, Elves A. Multidrug-resistant NDM-1 Klebsiella outbreak and infection control in endoscopic urology. BJU Int 2012;110:E922-E926.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2012.11556.x"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naas T, Cuzon G, Babics A, Fortineau N, Boytchev I, Gayral F, Nordmann P. Endoscopy-associated transmission of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae producing KPC-2 beta-lactamase. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010;65:1305-1306.","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq117"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Notes from the Field: New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli associated with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography - Illinois, 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014;62:1051."},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"McCoppin R, Dizikes C. Superbug found at suburban hospital. The Chicago Tribune [updated 2014;January 10; cited 2014 August 20] Available from: http:\/\/articles.chicagotribune.com\/2014-01-10\/health\/ct-hospital-bacteria-exposure-met-20140110_1_bacteria-superbug-cre<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Peterson E. Lutheran General finds, stops bacteria source. The Daily Herald 2013;December 27 [cited 2014 August 20] Available from: http:\/\/www.dailyherald.com\/article\/20131227\/news\/712279757\/<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"Sfondeles T. Largest outbreak of dangerous bacteria in U.S. tied to Park Ridge hospital. Chicago Sun Times 2014;January 5 [cited 2014 August 20] Available from: http:\/\/www.suntimes.com\/news\/metro\/24748492-418\/largest-outbreak-of-dangerous-bacteria-in-us-tied-to-park-ridge-hospital.html#.U_SOjGOS_Kc Accessed: August 20, 2014<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"Johnson CK. Lutheran General upgrades scope cleaning after ‘superbug’ outbreak. Chicago Sun Times 2014;January 3 [cited 2014 August 20] Available from: http:\/\/www.suntimes.com\/news\/metro\/24742098-418\/lutheran-general-upgrades-scope-cleaning-after-superbug-outbreak.html#.U_SO-2OS_Kc<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"Kelly JC. CDC Confirms superbug transmission via endoscopy. Medscape Medical News 2014;January 03 [cited 2014 August 20] Available from: http:\/\/www.medscape.com\/viewarticle\/818650<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). Advocate Lutheran General Hospital. Statement of Deficiencies and Plan of Correction. OMB No. 0938-0391 2014;January 16 [cited 2014 August 20] Available from: http:\/\/www.hospitalinspections.org\/report\/3413<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"ASGE , SGNA . CDC report outlines NDM-producing CRE infection transmission via ERCP 2014;January 8 [cited 2014 August 20] Available from: http:\/\/www.sgna.org\/Portals\/0\/ASGE-SGNA_CDC-ERCPreponse_1-8-14.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gastmeier P, Vonberg RP. Klebsiella spp. in endoscopy-associated infections: we may only be seeing the tip of the iceberg. Infection 2014;42:15-21.","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-013-0544-6"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States 2013; p.1-114. (Reference No : CS239559-B) [cited; 2014;August 20] Available from: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/drugresistance\/threat-report-2013\/pdf\/ar-threats-2013-508.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falagas ME, Tansarli GS, Karageorgopoulos DE, Vardakas KZ. Deaths attributable to carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections. Emerg Infect Dis 2014;20:1170-1175.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2007.121004"},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. Incident report. MAUDE database. [updated : CS239559-B) [cited; 2014;2518897-2014-00001 Available from: http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cdrh\/cfdocs\/cfmaude\/Detail.CFM?MDRFOI__ID=3795541<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. Incident report. MAUDE database. [updated : CS239559-B) [cited; 2014;MW5029305 Available from: http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cdrh\/cfdocs\/cfMAUDE\/detail.cfm?mdrfoi__id=2999629<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. Incident report. MAUDE database. [updated : CS239559-B) [cited; 2014;2951238-2014-00027 Available from: http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cdrh\/cfdocs\/cfMAUDE\/detail.cfm?mdrfoi__id=3608977<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. MAUDE database. [updated : CS239559-B) [cited; 2014;MW5033987 Available from: http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cdrh\/cfdocs\/cfmaude\/Detail.CFM?MDRFOI__ID=3596905<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jovcic B, Lepsanovic Z, Suljagic V, Rackov G, Begovic J, Topisirovic L, Kojic M. Emergence of NDM-1 metallo-β-lactamase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates from Serbia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55:3929-3931.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00226-11"},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"Delaware Health and Social Services. Division of Public Health Health Alert: First confirmed U.S. case of NDM-producing carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Delaware Health Alert Network #324. [updated; 2014;May 5; cited 2014 August 20] Available from: http:\/\/dhss.delaware.gov\/dph\/php\/alerts\/dhan324.html<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update: detection of a verona integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase in Klebsiella pneumoniae --- United States, 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2010;59:1212."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dirlam Langlay AM, Ofstead CL, Mueller NJ, Tosh PK, Baron TH, Wetzler HP. Reported gastrointestinal endoscope reprocessing lapses: the tip of the iceberg. Am J Infect Control 2013;41:1188-1194.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2013.04.022"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang CL, Su LH, Lu CM, Tai FT, Huang YC, Chang KK. Outbreak of ertapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae urinary tract infections due to a contaminated ureteroscope. J Hosp Infect 2013;85:118-124.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2013.06.010"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorin M, Segal-Maurer S, Mariano N, Urban C, Combest A, Rahal JJ. Nosocomial transmission of imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa following bronchoscopy associated with improper connection to the Steris System 1 processor. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001;22:409-413.","DOI":"10.1086\/501925"},{"key":"ref46","unstructured":"Olson J. HCMC alerts patients: Medical instrument wasn\u2019t fully sterilized. Twin Cities.com [updated 2010 June 22; cited 2014 August 20]. Available from: http:\/\/www.twincities.com\/minneapolis\/ci_15353711<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muscarella LF. Contribution of tap water and environmental surfaces to nosocomial transmission of antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004;25:342-345.","DOI":"10.1086\/502402"},{"key":"ref48","unstructured":"Clorox Healthcare. Clorox Healthcare Bleach Germicidal Cleaners. Testing results. [cited Health Alert: First confirmed U.S. case of NDM-producing carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Delaware Health Alert Network #324. [updated; 2014;August 20] Available from: http:\/\/www.cloroxprofessional.com\/products\/clorox-healthcare-bleach-germicidal-cleaners\/efficacy-claims\/<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref49","unstructured":"PURE Bioscience, Inc . Technical report and efficacy statement. PURE Hard Surface spray disinfectant. [updated October Health Alert: First confirmed U.S. case of NDM-producing carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Delaware Health Alert Network #324. [updated; 2011;cited 2014 August 20] Available from: http:\/\/www.nilodor.com\/Member\/nilodor\/Images\/ImageGallery\/flyers\/pure_hard_surface_disinfectant.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref50","unstructured":"Mavri A, Kurincic M, Smole Mozina S. The prevalence of antibiotic and biocide resistance among Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni from different sources. Food Technol Biotechnol 2012;50:371-376."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rutala WA, Stiegel MM, Sarubbi FA, Weber DJ. Susceptibility of antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant hospital bacteria to disinfectants. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997;18:417-421.","DOI":"10.2307\/30141249"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotsanas D, Wijesooriya WR, Korman TM, Gillespie EE, Wright L, Snook K, Williams N, Bell JM, Li HY, Stuart RL. “Down the drain”: carbapenem-resistant bacteria in intensive care unit patients and handwashing sinks. Med J Aust 2013;198:267-269.","DOI":"10.5694\/mja12.11757"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Starlander G, Melhus \u00c5. Minor outbreak of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in an intensive care unit due to a contaminated sink. J Hosp Infect 2012;82:122-124.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2012.07.004"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walsh TR, Weeks J, Livermore DM, Toleman MA. Dissemination of NDM-1 positive bacteria in the New Delhi environment and its implications for human health: an environmental point prevalence study. Lancet Infect Dis 2011;11:355-362.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70059-7"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muscarella LF. The risk of disease transmission associated with inadequate disinfection of gastrointestinal endoscopes. J Hosp Infect 2006;63:345-347.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2006.02.018"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muscarella LF. Dear Los Angeles Times: the risk of disease transmission during gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastroenterol Nurs 2004;27:271-278.","DOI":"10.1097\/00001610-200411000-00006"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muscarella LF. Infection control and its application to the administration of intravenous medications during gastrointestinal endoscopy. Am J Infect Control 2004;32:282-286.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2003.10.014"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muscarella LF. Instrument design and cross-infection. AORN J 1998;67:552-53, 556.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-2092(06)62824-X"},{"key":"ref59","unstructured":"Boyce JM, Pittet D. Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings. Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC\/SHEA\/APIC\/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America\/Association for Professionals in Infection Control\/Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep 2002;51:1-45, quiz CE1-4."},{"key":"ref60","unstructured":"Sehulster L, Chinn RY. Guidelines for environmental infection control in health-care facilities. Recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). MMWR Recomm Rep 2003;52:1-42."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akyüz N, Keskin M, Akyolcu N, Cavdar \u0130, Özba\u015f A, Ayo\u011flu T, Bal\u0131k E, Bulut T. How and how much do endoscopy professionals protect themselves against infection? Int J Surg 2014;12:720-724.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2014.05.065"},{"key":"ref62","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. Incident report. MAUDE database Report number: 2518897-2013-00005 [Internet]. [updated; 2013;October 28; cited 2014 August 20] Available from: http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cdrh\/cfdocs\/cfmaude\/detail.cfm?mdrfoi__id=3457417<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref63","unstructured":"FUJIFILM Medical Systems U. S.A., Inc.- Endoscopy Division. Reprocessing summary and guide for Fujinon\/Fujifilm flexible GI endoscopes Reference code: FRG-120323 [Internet]. [cited; 2014;August 20]; p.1-7 Available from: http:\/\/www.sgna.org\/Portals\/0\/InfectionPrevention\/Manufacturer\/38_Fujifilm Reprocessing Guide 3 23 12.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muscarella LF. Application of environmental sampling to flexible endoscope reprocessing: the importance of monitoring the rinse water. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23:285-289.","DOI":"10.1086\/502053"},{"key":"ref65","unstructured":"Muscarella LF. Tap Water Used for Irrigation during GI Endoscopy: A Recommendation and Assessment of the Infection Risk. Discussions in Infection Control [An on-line blog]. Available from: http:\/\/endoscopereprocessing.com\/2014\/05\/asge-guidelines-safety-gi-endoscopy-2014\/. Accessed on Aug 20, 2014<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muscarella LF. Disinfecting endoscopes immediately before the first patient of the day. AORN J 2001;73:1159-1163.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-2092(06)61842-5"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hookey L, Armstrong D, Enns R, Matlow A, Singh H, Love J. Summary of guidelines for infection prevention and control for flexible gastrointestinal endoscopy. Can J Gastroenterol 2013;27:347-350.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/639518"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perioperative Standards and Recommended Practices. Perioperative Standards and Recommended Practices. Recommended practices for cleaning and processing flexible endoscopes and endoscope accessories. Denver, CO: AORN Inc; 2013;473-484.","DOI":"10.6015\/psrp.12.01.0499"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epstein L, Hunter JC, Arwady MA, Tsai V, Stein L, Gribogiannis M, Frias M, Guh AY, Laufer AS, Black S. New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-producing carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli associated with exposure to duodenoscopes. JAMA 2014;312:1447-1455.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.12720"},{"key":"ref70","unstructured":"University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences. UPMC investigation into GI scope-related infections changes national guidelines Pittsburgh (PA): Press Release, October 9; 2014; Available from: http:\/\/www.upmc.com\/media\/NewsReleases\/2014\/Pages\/upmc-investigation-into-gi-scope-related-Infections-changes-national-guidelines.aspx<\/ext-link>."}],"container-title":["World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/1948-5190\/full\/v6\/i10\/457.htm","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]],"date-time":"2019-08-16T08:46:35Z","timestamp":1565945195000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/1948-5190\/full\/v6\/i10\/457.htm"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4253\/wjge.v6.i10.457","relation":{},"ISSN":["1948-5190"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1948-5190","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}}}