{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:40:42Z","timestamp":1792802442917,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Hepatol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Amebic liver abscess (ALA) is still a common problem in the tropical world, where it affects over three-quarters of patients with liver abscess. It is caused by an anaerobic protozoan Entamoeba hystolytica , which primarily colonises the cecum. It is a non-suppurative infection of the liver consisting primarily of dead hepatocytes and cellular debris. People of the male gender, during their reproductive years, are most prone to ALA, and this appears to be due to a poorly mounted immune response linked to serum testosterone levels. ALA is more common in the right lobe of the liver, is strongly associated with alcohol consumption, and can heal without the need for drainage. While majority of ALA patients have an uncomplicated course, a number of complications have been described, including rupture into abdomino-thoracic structures, biliary fistula, vascular thrombosis, bilio-vascular compression, and secondary bacterial infection. Based on clinico-radiological findings, a classification system for ALA has emerged recently, which can assist clinicians in making treatment decisions. Recent research has revealed the role of venous thrombosis-related ischemia in the severity of ALA. Recent years have seen the development and refinement of newer molecular diagnostic techniques that can greatly aid in overcoming the diagnostic challenge in endemic area where serology-based tests have limited accuracy. Metronidazole has been the drug of choice for ALA patients for many years. However, concerns over the resistance and adverse effects necessitate the creation of new, safe, and potent antiamebic medications. Although the indication of the drainage of uncomplicated ALA has become more clear, high-quality randomised trials are still necessary for robust conclusions. Percutaneous drainage appears to be a viable option for patients with ruptured ALA and diffuse peritonitis, for whom surgery represents a significant risk of mortality.With regard to all of the aforementioned issues, this article intends to present an updated review of ALA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v16.i3.316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T02:15:56Z","timestamp":1711505756000},"page":"316-330","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Amebic liver abscess: An update"],"prefix":"10.4254","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ramesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rishabh","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajeev Nayan","family":"Priyadarshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruchika","family":"Narayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanmoy","family":"Maji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Utpal","family":"Anand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinit R","family":"Soni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2060","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5036-2"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"Jackson-Akers JY, Prakash V, Oliver TI.   Amebic Liver Abscess. 2023 Aug 8. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra022710"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004225"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-007-2080-6"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.08.013"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/852835"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2020.10.002"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-023-07952-x"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055694"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2022.2158656"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106114"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009762"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4166\/kjg.2020.76.1.28"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35890"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12144"},{"key":"B17","unstructured":"Farid Z, Trabolsi B, Kilpatrick ME, Yassin WM, Watten RH. Ameobic liver abscess presenting as fever of unknown origin (FUO). Serology, isotope scanning and metronidazole therapy in diagnosis and treatment. J Trop Med Hyg 1982; 85: 255-258"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.01525.x"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-018-1810-y"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6901751"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.578"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4329\/wjr.v14.i8.272"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.1.118-124.2006"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.1.400-402.2000"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-014-0621-1"},{"key":"B26","unstructured":"Hai AA, Singh A, Mittal VK, Karan GC. Amoebic liver abscess. Review of 220 cases. Int Surg 1991; 76: 81-83"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12137"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-625"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijph.IJPH_192_18"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049475519840242"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002333"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-021-03093-w"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12183"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7869\/tg.660"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.79.6.672"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcr\/ytaa182"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-016-0831-2"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2012-006751"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2011.04.023"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-199410000-00004"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3350\/kjhep.2011.17.1.71"},{"key":"B42","unstructured":"Krishnan K, Badarinath S, Bhusnurmath SR. Vascular complications of hepatic amoebiasis--a retrospective study. Indian J PatholMicrobiol 1986; 29: 293-296"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-020-02409-6"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0103"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.09-0230"},{"key":"B46","unstructured":"Naik SR, Achar BG, Mehta SK. Reversible portal hypertension in amoebic liver abscess: a case report. J Trop Med Hyg 1978; 81: 116-118"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s005950050127"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh V, Bhalla A, Sharma N, Mahi SK, Lal A, Singh P. Pathophysiology of jaundice in amoebic liver abscess. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008; 78: 556-559","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.78.556"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-3-46"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.26.2.140"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.52.607.269"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-021-03395-z"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2021.10.146"},{"key":"B54","unstructured":"Premkumar M, Devurgowda D, Dudha S, Kulkarni A, Joshi YK. Clinical and Endoscopic Management of Synchronous Amoebic Liver Abscess and Bleeding Colonic Ulcers. J Assoc Physicians India 2019; 67: 14-18"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v10.i36.13157"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.05.017"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.4.713-729.2003"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-7-47"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7100253"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1983.32.727"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22037\/ghfbb.v15i4.2496"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14085"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.9.3235-3239.2000"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01153-20"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s1413-86702003000200002"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-7-41"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.9.3034-3036.1999"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411755"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-018-3379-3"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/pl00008558"},{"key":"B71","unstructured":"Khan U, Mirdha BR, Samantaray JC, Sharma MP. Detection of Entamoeba histolytica using polymerase chain reaction in pus samples from amebic liver abscess. Indian J Gastroenterol 2006; 25: 55-57"},{"key":"B72","unstructured":"Ahmad N, Khan M, Hoque MI, Haque R, Mondol D. Detection of Entamoeba histolytica DNA from liver abscess aspirate using polymerase chain reaction (PCR): a diagnostic tool for amoebic liver abscess. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2007; 33: 13-20"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0348"},{"key":"B74","unstructured":"McGarr PL, Madiba TE, Thomson SR, Corr P. Amoebic liver abscess--results of a conservative management policy. S Afr Med J 2003; 93: 132-136"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.191004"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.1128"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0074"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0188-4409(00)00219-8"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.67.632"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39382-1"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01003-09"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1383-5742(02)00007-8"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.18.5091-5096.2000"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.488"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-197800151-00005"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2002.tb00523.x"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-020-01132-w"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16060896"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11082322"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2011.10.028"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06868-0"},{"key":"B92","unstructured":"Tandon A, Jain AK, Dixit VK, Agarwal AK, Gupta JP. Needle aspiration in large amoebic liver abscess. Trop Gastroenterol 1997; 18: 19-21"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1990.11812468"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.183.3.1584941"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7869\/tg.299"},{"key":"B96","unstructured":"Widjaya P, Bili\u0107 A, Babi\u0107 Z, Ljubici\u0107 N, Bakula B, Pilas V. Amoebic liver abscess: ultrasonographic characteristics and results of different therapeutic approaches. Acta Med Iugosl 1991; 45: 15-21"},{"key":"B97","unstructured":"de la Rey Nel J, Simjee AE, Patel A. Indications for aspiration of amoebic liver abscess. S Afr Med J 1989; 75: 373-376"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6711.1308"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-2276.2003.01130.x"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049475513481767"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-019-01004-y"},{"key":"B102","unstructured":"Jha AK, Das G, Maitra S, Sengupta TK, Sen S. Management of large amoebic liver abscess--a comparative study of needle aspiration and catheter drainage. J Indian Med Assoc 2012; 110: 13-15"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.2010.05494.x"},{"key":"B104","unstructured":"Eggleston FC, Handa AK, Verghese M. Amebic peritonitis secondary to amebic liver abscess. Surgery 1982; 91: 46-48"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1985.01390290037006"},{"key":"B106","unstructured":"Memon AS, Siddiqui FG, Memon HA, Ali SA. Management of ruptured amoebic liver abscess: 22-years experience. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2010; 22: 96-99"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800760231"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0720-048x(95)00613-u"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhatia M, Ali M. Ruptured liver abscess: analysis of 50 cases. Med. J. DY Patil Univ 2017; 10: 532-535","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-2870.202111"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0720-048x(95)00603-n"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102274"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.103308"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2015020"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-012-0210-4"}],"container-title":["World Journal of Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/1948-5182\/full\/v16\/i3\/316.htm","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/1948-5182\/full\/v16\/i3\/316.htm","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T02:17:34Z","timestamp":1711505854000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/1948-5182\/full\/v16\/i3\/316.htm"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"references-count":114,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4254\/wjh.v16.i3.316","relation":{},"ISSN":["1948-5182"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1948-5182","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]}}}