{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T22:40:24Z","timestamp":1793572824329,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["WJH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v6.i12.860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,12]],"date-time":"2014-12-12T04:42:29Z","timestamp":1418359349000},"page":"860","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Occult hepatitis B virus infection"],"prefix":"10.4254","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Min-Sun","family":"Kwak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2060","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197806222982502"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabor E, Hoofnagle JH, Smallwood LA, Drucker JA, Pineda-Tamondong GC, Ni LY, Greenwalt TJ, Barker LF, Gerety RJ. Studies of donors who transmit posttransfusion hepatitis. Transfusion 1979;19:725-731.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1979.19680104098.x"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grob P, Jilg W, Bornhak H, Gerken G, Gerlich W, G&uuml;nther S, Hess G, H&uuml;dig H, Kitchen A, Margolis H. Serological pattern &ldquo;anti-HBc alone&rdquo;: report on a workshop. J Med Virol 2000;62:450-455.","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9071(200012)62:4<450::AID-JMV9>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu KQ. Occult hepatitis B virus infection and its clinical implications. J Viral Hepat 2002;9:243-257.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.2002.00344.x"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i15.1927"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000282074"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2009.01245.x"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.07.014"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.25172"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20610"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i12.1553"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12324"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tracli.2003.11.007"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weber B, Melchior W, Gehrke R, Doerr HW, Berger A, Rabenau H. Hepatitis B virus markers in anti-HBc only positive individuals. J Med Virol 2001;64:312-319.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1052"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2010.002"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loriot MA, Marcellin P, Walker F, Boyer N, Degott C, Randrianatoavina I, Benhamou JP, Erlinger S. Persistence of hepatitis B virus DNA in serum and liver from patients with chronic hepatitis B after loss of HBsAg. J Hepatol 1997;27:251-258.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(97)80168-7"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000333211"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim YS. [Definition, diagnosis, and prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection]. Korean J Gastroenterol 2013;62:143-147.","DOI":"10.4166\/kjg.2013.62.3.143"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torbenson M, Thomas DL. Occult hepatitis B. Lancet Infect Dis 2002;2:479-486.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00345-6"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-010-1413-0"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00018-11"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.25225"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2008.01701.x"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i12"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-012-0327-7"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199907013410104"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fukuda R, Ishimura N, Niigaki M, Hamamoto S, Satoh S, Tanaka S, Kushiyama Y, Uchida Y, Ihihara S, Akagi S. Serologically silent hepatitis B virus coinfection in patients with hepatitis C virus-associated chronic liver disease: clinical and virological significance. J Med Virol 1999;58:201-207.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199907)58:3<201::AID-JMV3>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chemin I, Zoulim F, Merle P, Arkhis A, Chevallier M, Kay A, Cova L, Chevallier P, Mandrand B, Tr&eacute;po C. High incidence of hepatitis B infections among chronic hepatitis cases of unknown aetiology. J Hepatol 2001;34:447-454.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)00100-8"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20075"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20025"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1410\/hct1401-17"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N&uacute;\u00f1ez M, R&iacute;os P, P&eacute;rez-Olmeda M, Soriano V. Lack of &lsquo;occult&rsquo; hepatitis B virus infection in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 2002;16:2099-2101.","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200210180-00024"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v6.i6.384"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21529"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wands JR, Chura CM, Roll FJ, Maddrey WC. Serial studies of hepatitis-associated antigen and antibody in patients receiving antitumor chemotherapy for myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disorders. Gastroenterology 1975;68:105-112.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(75)80054-0"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510270638"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118902"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2009.06.005"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.19.1.65"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/655398"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uchida T, Saitoh T, Shinzawa H. Mutations of the X region of hepatitis B virus and their clinical implications. Pathol Int 1997;47:183-193.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1827.1997.tb04479.x"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23886"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/hepatmon.15275"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patbio.2010.02.003"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.06.016"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12556"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079203"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2008.01813.x"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21413"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.04.017"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22879"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2006.00885.x"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.05.020"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song SH, Hwang SG. [Occult hepatitis B virus infection: transmission and reactivation]. Korean J Gastroenterol 2013;62:148-153.","DOI":"10.4166\/kjg.2013.62.3.148"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2012.00782.x"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.05.001"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chazouill&egrave;res O, Mamish D, Kim M, Carey K, Ferrell L, Roberts JP, Ascher NL, Wright TL. &ldquo;Occult&rdquo; hepatitis B virus as source of infection in liver transplant recipients. Lancet 1994;343:142-146.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90934-2"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dickson RC, Everhart JE, Lake JR, Wei Y, Seaberg EC, Wiesner RH, Zetterman RK, Pruett TL, Ishitani MB, Hoofnagle JH. Transmission of hepatitis B by transplantation of livers from donors positive for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Liver Transplantation Database. Gastroenterology 1997;113:1668-1674.","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1997.v113.pm9352871"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roche B, Samuel D, Gigou M, Feray C, Virot V, Schmets L, David MF, Arulnaden JL, Bismuth A, Reynes M. De novo and apparent de novo hepatitis B virus infection after liver transplantation. J Hepatol 1997;26:517-526.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(97)80416-3"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2009.05972.x"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20435"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoo JH, Hwang SG, Yang DH, Son MS, Kwon CI, Ko KH, Hong SP, Park PW, Rim KS. Prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection in hemodialysis patients. Korean J Gastroenterol 2013;61:209-214.","DOI":"10.4166\/kjg.2013.61.4.209"},{"key":"ref64","unstructured":"Hepatitis surveillance report no 41. Hepatitis-control measures for hepatitis B in dialysis centers. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, CDC; 1977;12-17."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2008.01699.x"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-009-0359-5"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onozawa M, Hashino S, Izumiyama K, Kahata K, Chuma M, Mori A, Kondo T, Toyoshima N, Ota S, Kobayashi S. Progressive disappearance of anti-hepatitis B surface antigen antibody and reverse seroconversion after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with previous hepatitis B virus infection. Transplantation 2005;79:616-619.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000151661.52601.FB"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21051"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.22199"},{"key":"ref70","unstructured":"Squadrito G, Spinella R, Raimondo G. The clinical significance of occult HBV infection. Ann Gastroenterol 2014;27:15-19."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-009-0806-7"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.18.0182"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000360943"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang RH, Lok AS, Lai CL, Chan TK, Todd D, Chiu EK. Hepatitis B infection in patients with lymphomas. Hematol Oncol 1990;8:261-270.","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.2900080504"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.10.001"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.11.017"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12154"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1345722"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.070763"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-004-0899-y"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50171"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mulrooney-Cousins PM, Michalak TI. Persistent occult hepatitis B virus infection: experimental findings and clinical implications. World J Gastroenterol 2007;13:5682-5686.","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i43.5682"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sagnelli E, Coppola N, Scolastico C, Mogavero AR, Filippini P, Piccinino F. HCV genotype and &ldquo;silent&rdquo; HBV coinfection: two main risk factors for a more severe liver disease. J Med Virol 2001;64:350-355.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1057"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.05.043"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2010.12.001"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.03.006"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2012.09.021"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17961-6"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgr108"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22962"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yotsuyanagi H, Hashidume K, Suzuki M, Maeyama S, Takayama T, Uchikoshi T. Role of hepatitis B virus in hepatocarcinogenesis in alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004;28:181S-185S.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000134413.68962.AC"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000079449.47468.B0"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheu JC, Huang GT, Shih LN, Lee WC, Chou HC, Wang JT, Lee PH, Lai MY, Wang CY, Yang PM. Hepatitis C and B viruses in hepatitis B surface antigen-negative hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 1992;103:1322-1327.","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)91523-7"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12222"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korba BE, Wells FV, Baldwin B, Cote PJ, Tennant BC, Popper H, Gerin JL. Hepatocellular carcinoma in woodchuck hepatitis virus-infected woodchucks: presence of viral DNA in tumor tissue from chronic carriers and animals serologically recovered from acute infections. Hepatology 1989;9:461-470.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840090321"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21702"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2007.00316.x"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000187720"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000121363"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2009.01085.x"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2011.02481.x"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee JJ, Kwon OS. [Occult hepatitis B virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma]. Korean J Gastroenterol 2013;62:160-164.","DOI":"10.4166\/kjg.2013.62.3.160"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24257"}],"container-title":["World Journal of Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/1948-5182\/full\/v6\/i12\/860.htm","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]],"date-time":"2020-08-27T21:15:30Z","timestamp":1598562930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/1948-5182\/full\/v6\/i12\/860.htm"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4254\/wjh.v6.i12.860","relation":{},"ISSN":["1948-5182"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1948-5182","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}}}