{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T21:11:39Z","timestamp":1789161099363,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["WJH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v7.i3.327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,29]],"date-time":"2015-03-29T23:00:43Z","timestamp":1427670043000},"page":"327","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":122,"title":["HCV syndrome: A constellation of organ- and non-organ specific autoimmune disorders, B-cell non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma, and cancer"],"prefix":"10.4254","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Clodoveo","family":"Ferri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2060","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2523562"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-5379(91)90583-Y"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/162.2.569"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-3-25"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(66)90200-2"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-9613"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"Monti G, Galli M, Invernizzi F, Pioltelli P, Saccardo F, Monteverde A, Pietrogrande M, Renoldi P, Bombardieri S, Bordin G. Cryoglobulinaemias: a multi-centre study of the early clinical and laboratory manifestations of primary and secondary disease. GISC. Italian Group for the Study of Cryoglobulinaemias. QJM 1995;88:115-126."},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Ferri C, Greco F, Longombardo G, Palla P, Moretti A, Marzo E, Mazzoni A, Pasero G, Bombardieri S, Highfield P. Association between hepatitis C virus and mixed cryoglobulinemia [see comment]. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1991;9:621-624."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(92)90073-X"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferri C, Monti M, La Civita L, Longombardo G, Greco F, Pasero G, Gentilini P, Bombardieri S, Zignego AL. Infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells by hepatitis C virus in mixed cryoglobulinemia. Blood 1993;82:3701-3704.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V82.12.3701.3701"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1590-8658(07)80005-3"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.2.866-874.2006"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.03.018"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/807351"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-06-275818"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25499"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lunel F, Musset L, Cacoub P, Frangeul L, Cresta P, Perrin M, Grippon P, Hoang C, Valla D, Piette JC. Cryoglobulinemia in chronic liver diseases: role of hepatitis C virus and liver damage. Gastroenterology 1994;106:1291-1300.","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90022-1"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-137-7-200210010-00008"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5390.938"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/439018"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.01.002"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flores A, Marrero JA. Emerging trends in hepatocellular carcinoma: focus on diagnosis and therapeutics. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2014;8:71-76.","DOI":"10.4137\/CMO.S9926"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.17.1588"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2006.0194"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)90418-O"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-124-1_Part_1-199601010-00006"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1381.033"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2003.10.001"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2006.09.015"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.1.101"},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"Ferri C, Sebastiani M, Saadoun D, Cacoub P. Cryoglobulinemia and hepatitis C virus. In, JWJ Bijsma, editor. EULAR compendium on rheumatic diseases, 2012 Chapter 42; London: BMJ Publishing Group Ltd; 2012;1042-1071."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3865"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3361"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000157397.30055.c9"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10221"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet1027"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hch088"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2007.02.019"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.5.985"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2006.03.012"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2450"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2008.02040.x"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"Antonelli A, Delle Sedie A, Fallahi P, Ferrari SM, Maccheroni M, Ferrannini E, Bombardieri S, Riente L. High prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity and hypothyroidism in patients with psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol 2006;33:2026-2028."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.130.2.526"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-06-0591"},{"key":"ref46","unstructured":"Antonelli A, Ferri C, Fallahi P, Nesti C, Zignego AL, Maccheroni M. Thyroid cancer in HCV-related mixed cryoglobulinemia patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2002;20:693-696."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1905"},{"key":"ref48","unstructured":"Ferri C, Cutolo M, Zignego AL, Longombardo G, Sulli A, Cavallaro D, Giusti M, Accardo S, Mazzocca A, Pasero G. Role of androgens in HCV-related mixed cryoglobulinemia. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:539A."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(96)80184-X"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.6.698"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840160603"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1993.tb00741.x"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.1996.tb00241.x"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(03)00346-5"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000173696"},{"key":"ref56","unstructured":"di Belgiojoso GB, Ferrario F, Landriani N. Virus-related glomerular diseases: histological and clinical aspects. J Nephrol 2002;15:469-479."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00014-5"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5414\/CNP61144"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2003.03324.x"},{"key":"ref60","unstructured":"Halawani MR. Dermatological manifestations of hepatitis C virus infection in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2014;35:531-537."},{"key":"ref61","unstructured":"Ferri C, La Civita L, Cirafisi C, Siciliano G, Longombardo G, Bombardieri S, Rossi B. Peripheral neuropathy in mixed cryoglobulinemia: clinical and electrophysiologic investigations. J Rheumatol 1992;19:889-895."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07339-7"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000156077.54903.67"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90139-6"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.1994.tb01116.x"},{"key":"ref66","unstructured":"Fallahi P, Ferrari SM, Giuggioli D, Manfredi A, Mancusi C, Fabiani S, Centanni M, Marchi S, Ferri C, Antonelli A. Thyroid involvement in hepatitis C - associated mixed cryoglobulinemia. <italic>Hormones<\/italic> (Athens. ) 2014;13:16-23."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pozzato G, Mazzaro C, Crovatto M, Modolo ML, Ceselli S, Mazzi G, Sulfaro S, Franzin F, Tulissi P, Moretti M. Low-grade malignant lymphoma, hepatitis C virus infection, and mixed cryoglobulinemia. Blood 1994;84:3047-3053.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V84.9.3047.3047"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1994.tb01077.x"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1994.tb05036.x"},{"key":"ref70","unstructured":"Luppi M, Grazia Ferrari M, Bonaccorsi G, Longo G, Narni F, Barozzi P, Marasca R, Mussini C, Torelli G. Hepatitis C virus infection in subsets of neoplastic lymphoproliferations not associated with cryoglobulinemia. Leukemia 1996;10:351-355."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1996.6912313.x"},{"key":"ref72","unstructured":"Musolino C, Campo S, Pollicino T, Squadrito G, Spatari G, Raimondo G. Evaluation of hepatitis B and C virus infections in patients with non-Hodgkin&rsquo;s lymphoma and without liver disease. Haematologica 1996;81:162-164."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silvestri F, Pipan C, Barillari G, Zaja F, Fanin R, Infanti L, Russo D, Falasca E, Botta GA, Baccarani M. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders. Blood 1996;87:4296-4301.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V87.10.4296.bloodjournal87104296"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Rosa G, Gobbo ML, De Renzo A, Notaro R, Garofalo S, Grimaldi M, Apuzzo A, Chiurazzi F, Picardi M, Matarazzo M. High prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in patients with B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders in Italy. Am J Hematol 1997;55:77-82.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8652(199706)55:2<77::AID-AJH5>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-127-6-199709150-00002"},{"key":"ref76","unstructured":"Catassi C, Fabiani E, Coppa GV, Gabrielli A, Centurioni R, Leoni P, Barbato M, Viola F, Martelli M, De Renzo A. High prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in patients with non-Hodgkin&rsquo;s lymphoma at the onset. Preliminary results of an Italian multicenter study. Recenti Prog Med 1998;89:63-67."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-128-8-199804150-00022"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luppi M, Longo G, Ferrari MG, Barozzi P, Marasca R, Morselli M, Valenti C, Mascia T, Vandelli L, Vallisa D. Clinico-pathological characterization of hepatitis C virus-related B-cell non-Hodgkin&rsquo;s lymphomas without symptomatic cryoglobulinemia. Ann Oncol 1998;9:495-498.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008255830453"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1999.01692.x"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00069-8"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6690522"},{"key":"ref82","unstructured":"Harakati MS, Abualkhair OA, Al-Knawy BA. Hepatitis C Virus infection in Saudi Arab patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin&rsquo;s lymphoma. Saudi Med J 2000;21:755-758."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.39.112"},{"key":"ref84","unstructured":"Zucca E, Roggero E, Maggi-Solc&agrave; N, Conconi A, Bertoni F, Reilly I, Castelli D, Pedrinis E, Piffaretti JC, Cavalli F. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and hepatitis C virus infections among non-Hodgkin&rsquo;s lymphoma patients in Southern Switzerland. Haematologica 2000;85:147-153."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pioltelli P, Gargantini L, Cassi E, Santoleri L, Bellati G, Magliano EM, Morra E. Hepatitis C virus in non-Hodgkin&rsquo;s lymphoma. A reappraisal after a prospective case-control study of 300 patients. Lombart Study Group of HCV-Lymphoma. Am J Hematol 2000;64:95-100.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8652(200006)64:2<95::AID-AJH4>3.0.CO;2-A"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7753(01)71818-0"},{"key":"ref87","unstructured":"Chindamo MC, Spector N, Segadas JA, Pimenta G, Vanderborght B, Morais JC, Milito C, Moraes Coelho HS. Prevalence of hepatitis C infection in patients with non-Hodgkin&rsquo;s lymphomas. Oncol Rep 2002;9:657-659."},{"key":"ref88","unstructured":"De Renzo A, Persico E, de Marino F, di Giacomo Russo G, Notaro R, di Grazia C, Picardi M, Santoro L, Torella R, Rotoli B. High prevalence of hepatitis G virus infection in Hodgkin&rsquo;s disease and B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders: absence of correlation with hepatitis C virus infection. Haematologica 2002;87:714-718; discussion 718."},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.32149"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.09.025"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-10-3230"},{"key":"ref92","unstructured":"Yenice N, G&uuml;ll&uuml;k F, Arican N, T&uuml;rkmen S. HCV prevalence in Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases. Turk J Gastroenterol 2003;14:173-176."},{"key":"ref93","unstructured":"Iwata H, Matsuo K, Takeuchi K, Kishi Y, Murashige N, Kami M. High incidences of malignant lymphoma in patients infected with hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus. Haematologica 2004;89:368-370."},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200402000-00003"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20137"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyh183"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20021"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2008.02.011"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23105"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2010.076810"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo_00000618"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-010-1055-5"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2011.611819"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10428199609067589"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90991-5"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McColl MD, Singer IO, Tait RC, McNeil IR, Cumming RL, Hogg RB. The role of hepatitis C virus in the aetiology of non-Hodgkins lymphoma--a regional association? Leuk Lymphoma 1997;26:127-130.","DOI":"10.3109\/10428199709109167"},{"key":"ref107","unstructured":"Thalen DJ, Raemaekers J, Galama J, Cooreman MP. Absence of hepatitis C virus infection in non-Hodgkin&rsquo;s lymphoma. Br J Haematol 1997;96:880-881."},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(98)80199-2"},{"key":"ref109","unstructured":"Timura\u011flu A, Colak D, O\u011f&uuml;n&ccedil; D, Karado\u011fan I, Undar L. Hepatitis C virus association with non-Hodgkin&rsquo;s lymphoma. Haematologia (Budap) 1999;29:301-304."},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290422"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shariff S, Yoshida EM, Gascoyne RD, Le N, Connors JM, Middleton PJ, Shenkier TN. Hepatitis C infection and B-cell non-Hodgkin&rsquo;s lymphoma in British Columbia: a cross-sectional analysis. Ann Oncol 1999;10:961-964.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008361311409"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Udomsakdi-Auewarakul C, Auewarakul P, Sukpanichnant S, Muangsup W. Hepatitis C virus infection in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Thailand. Blood 2000;95:3640-3641.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V95.11.3640"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.1101"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1042819031000116724"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000081270"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sonmez M, Bektas O, Yilmaz M, Durmus A, Akdogan E, Topbas M, Erturk M, Ovali E, Omay SB. The relation of lymphoma and hepatitis B virus\/hepatitis C virus infections in the region of East Black Sea, Turkey. Tumori 2007;93:536-539.","DOI":"10.1177\/030089160709300603"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-008-0175-3"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21168"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-010-9244-9"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.55.1.4"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-06-1056"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2004.tb03256.x"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-06-0308"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa013376"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2008.07565.x"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdu166"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10699"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22168"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.10.031"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.01.008"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2014.05.017"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.07.005"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34331"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-10-245878"}],"container-title":["World Journal of Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/1948-5182\/full\/v7\/i3\/327.htm","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]],"date-time":"2020-08-31T04:14:11Z","timestamp":1598847251000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/1948-5182\/full\/v7\/i3\/327.htm"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"references-count":134,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4254\/wjh.v7.i3.327","relation":{},"ISSN":["1948-5182"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1948-5182","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015]]}}}