{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T14:24:25Z","timestamp":1791901465215,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["WJH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v7.i6.846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,24]],"date-time":"2015-04-24T08:18:11Z","timestamp":1429863491000},"page":"846","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":321,"title":["Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: The diagnosis and management"],"prefix":"10.4254","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Shehab M Abd","family":"El-Kader","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2060","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.02046.x"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ludwig J, Viggiano TR, McGill DB, Oh BJ. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Mayo Clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease. Mayo Clin Proc 1980;55:434-438.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(24)00530-5"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra011775"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.500030402"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200203000-00013"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-005-1267-z"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"McCullough AJ. Pathophysiology of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006;40 Suppl 1:S17-S29."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1262-3636(08)74597-X"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20701"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpg.0000239995.58388.56"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.33573"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Clark JM. The epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adults. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006;40 Suppl 1:S5-10."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20466"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2002.36740"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000071205.52835.A4"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-1212"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-008-0011-1"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angulo P, Lindor KD. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002;17 Suppl:S186-S190.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.17.s1.10.x"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1381\/096089201321336548"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.25540"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.138.11.1240"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1381\/096089202321144577"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-1682-x"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300604"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200503000-00001"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50161"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matteoni CA, Younossi ZM, Gramlich T, Boparai N, Liu YC, McCullough AJ. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a spectrum of clinical and pathological severity. Gastroenterology 1999;116:1413-1419.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70506-8"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-985075"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00395-0"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07486.x"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.02.042"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2007.05042.x"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1381\/096089203322190853"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2006.04698.x"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20149"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.03.019"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21803"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2247"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.10.065"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50229"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.052167"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70599-2"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2007.02.002"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.10.003"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-12927"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.03.004"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20202"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.057968"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-013-9468-6"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2006.01342.x"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.113"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.080999"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.10.055"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24301"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2003.02989.x"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2003.03252.x"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23594"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1204265"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2012.07.002"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2009.07.005"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyer TD, Manns MP, Sanyal AJ. Zakim&amp; Boyer&rsquo;s Hepatology: A Textbook of Liver Disease. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Saunders: an imprint of Elsevier Inc; 2012;941-968.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4377-0881-3.00053-X"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2012.11.002"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.11.3140"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.10.2623"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000185688.81320.4d"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20725"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramesh S, Sanyal AJ. Evaluation and management of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol 2005;42 Suppl:S2-12.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.11.022"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.30692"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ. Sleisenger and Fordtran&rsquo;s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Saunders: an imprint of Elsevier Inc; 2010;1401-1411.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-6189-2.00085-8"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.30444.x"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20023"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2006.11.005"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.266065004"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazhar SM, Patton HM, Scuderi RT, Yokoo T, Fari CS, Sirlin CB. Fatty Liver Disease. Abdominal Imaging Saunders: an imprint of Elsevier Inc; 2011;595-606.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-5449-8.00065-2"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-2171(95)90012-8"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2007.02.014"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.036566"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2009.02.002"},{"key":"ref79","unstructured":"Yokoo T, Bydder M, Hamilton G. Hepatic fat quantification by low flip-angle multi-echo gradient-echo MR imaging: a clinical study with validation with MR spectroscopy. Presented before the annual meeting of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Canada: Toronto; 2008;706."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23312"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cast&eacute;ra L, Foucher J, Bernard PH, Carvalho F, Allaix D, Merrouche W, Couzigou P, de L&eacute;dinghen V. Pitfalls of liver stiffness measurement: a 5-year prospective study of 13,369 examinations. Hepatology 2010;51:828-835.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23425"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.07.2052"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026152415917"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-006-0031-x"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/phe.09.21"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2007.02.008"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23133"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozturk Y, Soylu OB. Fatty liver in childhood. World J Hepatol 2014;6:33-40.","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v6.i1.33"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i7.1712"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcg.0000139072.38580.a0"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-001-1178-0"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2003.50153"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0399-8320(05)82179-7"},{"key":"ref94","unstructured":"Lelbach WK. Epidemiology of alcoholic liver disease. Prog Liver Dis 1976;5:494-515."},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-199605000-00004"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2003.11.004"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2001.01083.x"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2005.01.024"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.01377.x"},{"key":"ref100","unstructured":"Niskanen L, Uusitupa M, Sarlund H, Siitonen O, Palj&auml;rvi L, Laakso M. The effects of weight loss on insulin sensitivity, skeletal muscle composition and capillary density in obese non-diabetic subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1996;20:154-160."},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Executive summary of the clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:1855-1867.","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.17.1855"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0800571"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.11.6171-4"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50316"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.08699.x"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(04)00457-4"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(00)05040-X"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(99)80243-8"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/79697"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06042-1"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2004.02025.x"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v6.i4.199"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-002-0036-9"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0182-8_67"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.04129.x"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23239"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.40064.x"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satapathy SK. Beneficial effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibition by pentoxifylline on clinical, biochemical, and metabolic parameters of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:1946-1952.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.40220.x"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00695-4"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20420"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa060326"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NIH conference. Gastrointestinal surgery for severe obesity. Consensus Development Conference Panel. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:956-961.","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-115-12-956"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2008.08.012"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2001.23011"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2004.00432.x"}],"container-title":["World Journal of Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/1948-5182\/full\/v7\/i6\/846.htm","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T22:13:29Z","timestamp":1747952009000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/1948-5182\/full\/v7\/i6\/846.htm"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4254\/wjh.v7.i6.846","relation":{},"ISSN":["1948-5182"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1948-5182","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015]]}}}