{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T20:51:51Z","timestamp":1781988711925,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We describe virus variations from patients with influenza-like illness before and after the appearance of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Kenya during January 2008\u2013July 2011. A total of 11,592 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from consenting patients. Seasonal influenza B, A\/H1N1, A\/H3N2, A\/H5N1, and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were detected by real-time reverse transcription\u2013polymerase chain reaction. Of patients enrolled, 2073 (17.9%) had influenza. A total of 1,524 (73.4%) of 2,073 samples were positive for influenza A virus and 549 (26.6%) were positive for influenza B virus. Influenza B virus predominated in 2008 and seasonal A(H1N1) virus predominated in the first half of 2009. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus predominated in the second half of 2009. Influenza A\/H3N2 virus predominated in 2010, and co-circulation of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus and influenza B virus predominated the first half of 2011. The reduction and displacement of seasonal A(H1N1) virus was the most obvious effect of the arrival of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. The decision of the World Health Organization to replace seasonal A(H1N1) virus with the pandemic virus strain for the southern hemisphere vaccine was appropriate for Kenya.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,5]],"date-time":"2013-03-05T11:32:46Z","timestamp":1362483166000},"page":"940-945","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Impact of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus on Circulation Dynamics of Seasonal Influenza Strains in Kenya"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Janet","family":"Majanja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose N.","family":"Njoroge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Achilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eyako K.","family":"Wurapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meshack","family":"Wadegu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvanos","family":"Mukunzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josephat","family":"Mwangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Njiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Gachara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wallace","family":"Bulimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Virology","first-page":"101","article-title":"Genetic analysis of human H2N2 and early H3N2 influenza viruses, 1957\u20131972: evidence for genetic divergence and multiple reassortment events","volume":"328","author":"Lindstrom","year":"2004"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"436","article-title":"Influenza: an emerging disease","volume":"4","author":"Webster","year":"1998"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Microbiol Rev","first-page":"152","article-title":"Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses","volume":"56","author":"Webster","year":"1992"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"2605","article-title":"Emergence of a novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus in humans","volume":"18","author":"Dawood","year":"2009"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"mBio","article-title":"Why do influenza subtypes die out? 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Inferences from the HA1 gene analysis","volume":"1","author":"Bulimo","year":"2012"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"PloS One","first-page":"e11719","article-title":"Changes in the viral distribution pattern after the appearance of the novel influenza A H1N1 (pH1N1) virus in influenza-like illness patients in Peru","volume":"5","author":"Laguna-Torres","year":"2010"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore","first-page":"291","article-title":"Tracking the emergence of pandemic Influenza A\/H1N1\/2009 and its interaction with seasonal influenza viruses in Singapore","volume":"39","author":"Tang","year":"2010"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Afr J Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evidence in Kenya of reassortment between seasonal influenza A(H3N2) and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 to yield A(H3N2) variants with the matrix gene segment of A(H1N1)pdm09","volume":"1","author":"Bulimo","year":"2012"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Euro Surveill","article-title":"Transmission potential of the new influenza A(H1N1) virus and its age-specificity in Japan","volume":"14","author":"Nishiura","year":"2009"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"Science","first-page":"1557","article-title":"Pandemic potential of a strain of influenza A (H1N1): early findings","volume":"324","author":"Fraser","year":"2009"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"Epidemiol Infect","first-page":"852","article-title":"Seasonal influenza in the United States, France, and Australia: transmission and prospects for control","volume":"136","author":"Chowell","year":"2008"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"1143","article-title":"Introduction and transmission of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) Virus\u2013Kenya, June\u2013July 2009","volume":"58","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2009"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"Readings on Inequality in Kenya: Sectoral Dynamics and Perspectives","first-page":"97","article-title":"Inequality in Kenya's health sector. 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