{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T04:11:18Z","timestamp":1783224678193,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A total of 1,220 subjects from Equatorial Guinea living in Spain (median age = 41 years; 453 male and 767 female) was examined for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Hepatitis B (HBV), C (HCV), and D (HDV) viruses. Extracted RNA and DNA from the positive samples were used to quantify viral load. The prevalence of HIV antibodies, HCV RNA, and HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) was 10.8% (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 132), 11.6% (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 141), and 7.9% (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 96), respectively. The most prevalent HIV variant was CRF02_AG (38.5%; <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 40). HCV genotype 4 (60%; <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 36) and HBV genotype A3 (32%; <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 8) were the hepatitis variants most frequently found. Superinfection with HDV was seen in 20.9% (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 24) of HBsAg carriers. A control group of 276 immigrants from other sub-Saharan countries showed similar rates of HIV and HBsAg, although no HCV cases were found. Immigrants constitute a major source of HIV and hepatitis viruses in Spain; therefore, it is important that control measures are intensified.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,22]],"date-time":"2013-01-22T02:47:29Z","timestamp":1358822849000},"page":"789-794","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Hepatitis B, C, and D and HIV Infections among Immigrants from Equatorial Guinea Living in Spain"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Pablo","family":"Rivas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda D.","family":"Herrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Poveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Madej\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Trevi\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maite","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Concepci\u00f3n","family":"Ladr\u00f3n de Guevara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar","family":"Lago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"de Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Soriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabino","family":"Puente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1742","article-title":"Globalization of infectious diseases: the impact of migration","volume":"38","author":"Gushulak","year":"2004"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Immigration to EU Member States down by 6% and Emigration Up by 13 % in 2008. 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