{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T04:24:06Z","timestamp":1769574246796,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We report on the changing epidemiology of two important flaviviruses in Nepal: Japanese encephalitis (JE) and dengue viruses. Morbidity and mortality in Nepal is in the thousands since JE was introduced in 1978. Nepal launched an extensive laboratory-based JE surveillance in 2004. Nepal experienced a remarkable reduction in disease burden after mass immunizations from 2005 to 2010, when 2,040 JE infections and 205 JE-related deaths were confirmed. With its emergence in 2006, dengue has become a significant challenge in the country, highlighted by a sudden outbreak in 2010 that resulted in 359 confirmed dengue infections. Currently, both viruses cocirculate in Nepal. Here, we document the remarkable expansion of dengue in Nepal, which urgently requires national surveillance to refine the burden and make recommendations regarding control and prevention programs. We believe that the use of existing JE surveillance network for integrated dengue surveillance may represent the most appropriate alternative.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,19]],"date-time":"2013-02-19T13:28:45Z","timestamp":1361280525000},"page":"677-680","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Dengue Virus and Japanese Encephalitis Virus Epidemiological Shifts in Nepal: A Case of Opposing Trends"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Shyam P.","family":"Dumre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geeta","family":"Shakya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kesara","family":"Na-Bangchang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veerachai","family":"Eursitthichai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Rudi Grams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Senendra R.","family":"Upreti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prakash","family":"Ghimire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khagendra","family":"KC","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ananda","family":"Nisalak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert V.","family":"Gibbons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"17","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis immunization in South Korea: past, present, and future","volume":"6","author":"Sohn","year":"2000"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol","first-page":"71","article-title":"Global spread and persistence of dengue","volume":"62","author":"Kyle","year":"2008"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Dengue: Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control","author":"WHO","year":"2009"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Adv Virus Res","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)60342-5","article-title":"Impact of dengue\/dengue hemorrhagic fever on the developing world","volume":"53","author":"Gubler","year":"1999"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Annual Report: 2002 and 2003. Nepal: Epidemiology and Disease Control Division (EDCD)","author":"EDCD","year":"2005"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc","first-page":"51","article-title":"Epidemiological situation of Japanese encephalitis in Nepal","volume":"44","author":"Bista","year":"2005"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"WHO-Recommended Standards for Surveillance of Selected Vaccine-Preventable Diseases","author":"WHO","year":"2003"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1002","article-title":"Laboratory-based Japanese encephalitis surveillance in Nepal and the implications for a national immunization strategy","volume":"78","author":"Wierzba","year":"2008"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1669","article-title":"Identification of all dengue serotypes in Nepal","volume":"14","author":"Malla","year":"2008"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"514","article-title":"Dengue virus, Nepal","volume":"14","author":"Pandey","year":"2008"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"A First Report of Dengue Fever Cases in Nepal. Health Action in Nepal: Health Newsletter","author":"Malla","year":"2005"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"418","article-title":"An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to characterize dengue infections where dengue and Japanese encephalitis co-circulate","volume":"40","author":"Innis","year":"1989"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever: Diagnosis, Treatment and Control","author":"WHO","year":"1997"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"791","article-title":"Efficacy of single-dose SA 14-14-2 vaccine against Japanese encephalitis: a case control study","volume":"358","author":"Bista","year":"2001"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1375","article-title":"Effect of single dose of SA 14-14-2 vaccine 1 year after immunisation in Nepalese children with Japanese encephalitis: a case-control study","volume":"366","author":"Ohrr","year":"2005"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"5041","article-title":"Single dose of SA 14-14-2 vaccine provides long-term protection against Japanese encephalitis: a case-control study in Nepalese children 5 years after immunization","volume":"25","author":"Tandan","year":"2007"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"World Health Organization Country Office for Nepal. National Immunization Programme: Routine Immunization","author":"WHO","year":"2011"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"Indian Pediatr","first-page":"315","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology of dengue transmission in Uttar Pradesh","volume":"45","author":"Tripathi","year":"2008"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"Outbreak Investigation in Nepal","author":"WHO","year":"2007"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"Journal of Natural History Museum","first-page":"156","article-title":"First record of Aedes aegypti (L.) vector of dengue virus from Kathmandu, Nepal","volume":"24","author":"Gautam","year":"2009"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/88\/4\/article-p677.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/88\/4\/article-p677.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/88\/4\/article-p677.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T18:37:14Z","timestamp":1723055834000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/88\/4\/article-p677.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,3]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0436","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,3]]}}}