{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T11:23:31Z","timestamp":1769340211891,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>India is one of three countries that account for an estimated 300,000 of 500,000 cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) occurring annually. Bihar State is the most affected area of India, with more than 90% of the cases. Surveys were conducted in two villages within the Saran district of Bihar, India, from 2009 to July of 2011 to assess risk factors associated with VL. Forty-five cases were identified, and individuals were given an oral survey. The results indicated that men contracted the disease more than women (58%), and cases over the age of 21 years accounted for 42% of the total VL cases. April to June showed the highest number of new cases. Of 135 households surveyed for sleeping conditions, 95% reported sleeping outside, and 98% slept in beds. Proximity to VL cases was the greatest risk factor (cluster 1 relative risk = 11.89 and cluster 2 relative risk = 138.34). The VL case clustering observed in this study can be incorporated in disease prevention strategies to more efficiently and effectively target VL control efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,5]],"date-time":"2013-02-05T02:41:57Z","timestamp":1360032117000},"page":"778-784","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Visceral Leishmaniasis Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors in the Saran District of Bihar, India, from 2009 to July of 2011"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Diana","family":"Perry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kandice","family":"Dixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Garlapati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Gendernalik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Poch\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Poch\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"239","article-title":"The increase in risk factors for leishmaniasis worldwide","volume":"95","author":"Desjeux","year":"2001"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"J Vector Ecol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bionomics of phlebotomine sand flies from three villages in Bihar, India","volume":"36","author":"Poch\u00e9","year":"2010"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Natl Med J India","first-page":"62","article-title":"Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in India","volume":"12","author":"Bora","year":"1999"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"CIMID","first-page":"305","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives","volume":"27","author":"Desjeux","year":"2004"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"655","article-title":"Risk factors for kala-azar in Bangladesh","volume":"11","author":"Bern","year":"2005"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"74","article-title":"Risk factors for Indian kala-azar","volume":"73","author":"Ranjan","year":"2005"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"505","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and practices related to kala-azar in rural areas of Bihar State, India","volume":"75","author":"Singh","year":"2006"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"95","article-title":"First case of indigenous visceral leishmaniasis from central India","volume":"77","author":"Dey","year":"2007"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"J Comm Dis","first-page":"332","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in India\u2014a brief review","volume":"19","author":"Choudhury","year":"1987"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Indian J Med Res","first-page":"467","article-title":"Vector control in leishmaniasis","volume":"123","author":"Kishore","year":"2006"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Clin Dermatol","first-page":"279","article-title":"The biology and control of phlebotomine sand flies","volume":"17","author":"Killick-Kendrick","year":"1999"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec","first-page":"365","article-title":"Urbanization: an increasing risk factor for leishmaniasis","volume":"77","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2002"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"1597","article-title":"Spatial analysis of Leishmania donovani exposure in humans and domestic animals in a recent kala azar focus in Nepal","volume":"137","author":"Khanal","year":"2010"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Clin Dermatol","first-page":"417","article-title":"Leishmaniasis. 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