{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:51:33Z","timestamp":1790718693720,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Powassan virus and its subtype, deer tick virus, are closely related tick-borne flaviviruses that circulate in North America. The incidence of human infection by these agents appears to have increased in recent years. To define exposure patterns among white-tailed deer, potentially useful sentinels that are frequently parasitized by ticks, we screened serum samples collected during 1979\u20132010 in Connecticut, Maine, and Vermont for neutralizing antibody by using a novel recombinant deer tick virus\u2013West Nile virus chimeric virus. Evidence of exposure was detected in all three states. Overall our results demonstrate that seroprevalence is variable in time and space, suggesting that risk of exposure to Powassan virus is similarly variable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,9]],"date-time":"2013-04-09T01:35:47Z","timestamp":1365471347000},"page":"1159-1162","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Seroprevalence of Powassan Virus in New England Deer, 1979\u20132010"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Nofchissey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleanor R.","family":"Deardorff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tia M.","family":"Blevins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Anishchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Bosco-Lauth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Berl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Lubelczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John-Paul","family":"Mutebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron C.","family":"Brault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory D.","family":"Ebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis A.","family":"Magnarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Can Med Assoc J","first-page":"708","article-title":"Powassan virus: isolation of virus from a fatal case of encephalitis","volume":"80","author":"McLean","year":"1959"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"165","article-title":"A new tick-borne encephalitis-like virus infecting New England deer ticks, Ixodes dammini","volume":"3","author":"Telford","year":"1997"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"2099","article-title":"Fatal case of deer tick virus encephalitis","volume":"360","author":"Tavakoli","year":"2009"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"36","article-title":"Enzootic transmission of deer tick virus in New England and Wisconsin sites","volume":"63","author":"Ebel","year":"2000"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"570","article-title":"A focus of deer tick virus transmission in the northcentral United States","volume":"5","author":"Ebel","year":"1999"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Can Med Assoc J","first-page":"182","article-title":"Powassan and Silverwater viruses: ecology of two Ontario arboviruses","volume":"88","author":"McLean","year":"1963"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Can Med Assoc J","first-page":"532","article-title":"Powassan virus: vernal spread during 1965","volume":"94","author":"McLean","year":"1966"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"733","article-title":"Increased recognition of Powassan encephalitis in the United States, 1999\u20132005","volume":"8","author":"Hinten","year":"2008"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"J Gen Virol","first-page":"2698","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Powassan virus in North America","volume":"91","author":"Pesko","year":"2010"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"537","article-title":"Role of deer in the epizootiology of Babesia microti in Massachusetts, USA","volume":"15","author":"Piesman","year":"1979"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"J Wildl Dis","first-page":"249","article-title":"Use of recombinant antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to detect antibodies in white-tailed deer","volume":"40","author":"Magnarelli","year":"2004"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"J Wildl Dis","first-page":"781","article-title":"Seasonal prevalence of serum antibodies to whole cell and recombinant antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in white-tailed deer in Connecticut","volume":"46","author":"Magnarelli","year":"2010"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"J Gen Virol","first-page":"37","article-title":"Antigenic relationships between flaviviruses as determined by cross-neutralization tests with polyclonal antisera","volume":"70","author":"Calisher","year":"1989"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Virus Res","first-page":"81","article-title":"Nucleotide sequencing and serological evidence that the recently recognized deer tick virus is a genotype of Powassan virus","volume":"79","author":"Beasley","year":"2001"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"1403","article-title":"Using wild white-tailed deer to detect eastern equine encephalitis virus activity in Maine","volume":"11","author":"Mutebi","year":"2011"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"468","article-title":"Host feeding patterns of Culex mosquitoes and West Nile virus transmission, northeastern United States","volume":"12","author":"Molaei","year":"2006"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"1118","article-title":"Passive surveillance in Maine, an area emergent for tick-borne diseases","volume":"44","author":"Rand","year":"2007"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"J Parasitol","first-page":"442","article-title":"Tick (Acari: Ixodidae) infestation at two rural, seasonal camps in Maine and Vermont","volume":"96","author":"Lubelczyk","year":"2010"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"320","article-title":"Human Risk of Infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease agent, in eastern United States","volume":"86","author":"Diuk-Wasser","year":"2012"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J","first-page":"86","article-title":"Powassan virus infection presenting as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in Tennessee","volume":"30","author":"Hicar","year":"2011"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"172","article-title":"A case of Powassan viral hemorrhagic encephalitis involving bilateral thalami","volume":"114","author":"Choi","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical 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