{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T12:07:52Z","timestamp":1789042072684,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To evaluate immunity to vaccine-preventable diseases according to nutritional status, a longitudinal study was conducted in Senegalese children ages 1\u20139 years old. A linear regression analysis predicted that weight for age was positively associated with immunoglobulin G (IgG) response to tetanus toxoid in children born during the rainy season or at the beginning of the dry season. A relationship between village, time of visits, and levels of antibodies to tetanus showed that environmental factors played a role in modulating humoral immunity to tetanus vaccine over time. Moreover, a whole-blood stimulation assay highlighted that the production of interferon-\u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3) in response to tetanus toxoid was compromised in stunted children. However, the absence of cytokine modulation in response to <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>-purified protein derivatives and phytohemagglutinin suggests that the overall ability to produce IFN-\u03b3 was preserved in stunted children. Therefore, these results show that nutritional status can specifically alter the efficacy of long-lasting immunity to tetanus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,21]],"date-time":"2014-01-21T03:35:52Z","timestamp":1390275352000},"page":"566-573","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Effects of Malnutrition on Children's Immunity to Bacterial Antigens in Northern Senegal"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Lobna","family":"Gaayeb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean 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