{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T12:24:23Z","timestamp":1791030263491,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> infection in pregnancy causes substantial maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. In Colombia, both <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> are endemic, but the impact of either species on pregnancy is largely unknown in this country. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 96 pregnant women who delivered at their local hospital. Maternal, placental, and cord blood were tested for malaria infection by microscopy and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). A high frequency of infection was detected by qPCR (45%). These infections had low concentrations of parasite DNA, and 79% were submicroscopic. Submicroscopic infections were associated with placental villitis and intervillitis. In conclusion, the overall frequency of <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> infection at delivery in Colombia is much higher than previously reported. These data prompt a re-examination of the local epidemiology of malaria using molecular diagnostics to establish the clinical relevance of submicroscopic infections during pregnancy as well as their consequences for mothers and newborns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,29]],"date-time":"2013-05-29T06:38:16Z","timestamp":1369809496000},"page":"178-183","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Molecular Detection of Malaria at Delivery Reveals a High Frequency of Submicroscopic Infections and Associated Placental Damage in Pregnant Women from Northwest Colombia"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Eliana M.","family":"Arango","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roshini","family":"Samuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga M.","family":"Agudelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Carmona-Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Maestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie K.","family":"Yanow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"93","article-title":"Epidemiology and burden of malaria in pregnancy","volume":"7","author":"Desai","year":"2007"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"PLoS Med","first-page":"e1000221.3","article-title":"Quantifying the number of pregnancies at risk of malaria in 2007: a demographic study","volume":"7","author":"Dellicour","year":"2010"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"28","article-title":"The burden of malaria in pregnancy in malaria-endemic areas","volume":"64","author":"Steketee","year":"2001"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"75","article-title":"Malaria in pregnancy in the Asia-Pacific region","volume":"12","author":"Rijken","year":"2012"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"105","article-title":"Malaria in pregnancy: pathogenesis and immunity","volume":"7","author":"Rogerson","year":"2007"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr","first-page":"271","article-title":"The impact of maternal malaria on newborns","volume":"30","author":"Hartman","year":"2010"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1374","article-title":"Adverse pregnancy outcomes in an area where multidrug-resistant Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infections are endemic","volume":"46","author":"Poespoprodjo","year":"2008"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1608","article-title":"A novel histological grading scheme for placental malaria applied in areas of high and low malaria transmission","volume":"202","author":"Muehlenbachs","year":"2010"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"425","article-title":"Malaria in pregnancy and the endemicity spectrum: what can we learn?","volume":"20","author":"Nosten","year":"2004"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"World Malaria Report: 2011","author":"WHO","year":"2011"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Rev Colomb Obstet Ginecol","first-page":"19","article-title":"Incidencia de las malarias gestacional, cong\u00e9nita y placentaria en Urab\u00e1 (Antioquia, Colombia), 2005\u20132007","volume":"60","author":"Carmona-Fonseca","year":"2009"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"929","article-title":"Diagnosis of gestational, congenital, and placental malaria in Colombia: comparison of the efficacy of microscopy, nested polymerase chain reaction, and histopathology","volume":"84","author":"Campos","year":"2011"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1509","article-title":"Submicroscopic infection in Plasmodium falciparum-endemic populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"200","author":"Okell","year":"2009"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Parasitol Res","first-page":"333","article-title":"Diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa: the challenges and public health implications","volume":"102","author":"Uneke","year":"2008"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"269","article-title":"Comparison of real-time PCR and microscopy for malaria parasite detection in Malawian pregnant women","volume":"9","author":"Rantala","year":"2010"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"Rev Bras Epidemiol","first-page":"373","article-title":"Effect of submicroscopic or polyclonal Plasmodium falciparum infection on mother and gestation product: systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Arango","year":"2010"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"3630","article-title":"Real-time quantitative PCR for determining the burden of Plasmodium falciparum parasites during pregnancy and infancy","volume":"43","author":"Malhotra","year":"2005"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"798","article-title":"Microscopic and sub-microscopic Plasmodium falciparum infection, but not inflammation caused by infection, is associated with low birth weight","volume":"75","author":"Adegnika","year":"2006"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"155","article-title":"Evaluation of the OptiMAL rapid antigen test and species-specific PCR to detect placental Plasmodium falciparum infection at delivery","volume":"40","author":"Mankhambo","year":"2002"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"229","article-title":"Malaria in pregnant Cameroonian women: the effect of age and gravidity on submicroscopic and mixed-species infections and multiple parasite genotypes","volume":"72","author":"Walker-Abbey","year":"2005"},{"issue":"(Suppl 1)","key":"R21","series-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz","first-page":"114","article-title":"Epidemiology and control of malaria in Colombia","volume":"106","author":"Padilla-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2011"},{"key":"R22","series-title":"Iatreia","first-page":"299","article-title":"La malaria en Colombia, Antioquia y las zonas de Urab\u00e1 y Bajo Cauca: panorama para interpretar la falla terap\u00e9utica antimal\u00e1rica. Parte 1","volume":"16","author":"Carmona-Fonseca","year":"2003"},{"key":"R23","series-title":"Iatreia","first-page":"34","article-title":"La malaria en Colombia, Antioquia y las zonas de Urab\u00e1 y Bajo Cauca: panorama para interpretar la falla terap\u00e9utica antimal\u00e1rica. Parte 2","volume":"17","author":"Carmona-Fonseca","year":"2004"},{"key":"R24","series-title":"Direcci\u00f3n Seccional de Salud de Antioquia-DSSA. Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores 2000\u20132010","author":"Antioquia","year":"2010"},{"key":"R25","series-title":"Secretar\u00eda de Desarrollo de la Salud de C\u00f3rdoba-SDSC. Programa Prevenci\u00f3n y Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores 2009","author":"C\u00f3rdoba","year":"2009"},{"key":"R26","series-title":"Gu\u00eda para la atenci\u00f3n cl\u00ednica integral del paciente con malaria","author":"Colombia","year":"2010"},{"key":"R27","series-title":"Muestreo: algunos m\u00e9todos y sus aplicaciones pr\u00e1cticas","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Bencardino","year":"1984"},{"key":"R28","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"565","article-title":"Pyrimethamine and proguanil resistance-conferring mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase: polymerase chain reaction methods for surveillance in Africa","volume":"52","author":"Plowe","year":"1995"},{"key":"R29","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"975","article-title":"Multiplexed real-time PCR assay for discrimination of Plasmodium species with improved sensitivity for mixed infections","volume":"47","author":"Shokoples","year":"2009"},{"key":"R30","series-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol","first-page":"315","article-title":"High sensitivity of detection of human malaria parasites by the use of nested polymerase chain reaction","volume":"61","author":"Snounou","year":"1993"},{"key":"R31","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"113","article-title":"Twelve microsatellite markers for characterization of Plasmodium falciparum from finger-prick blood samples","volume":"119","author":"Anderson","year":"1999"},{"key":"R32","series-title":"Methods in Malaria Research","first-page":"243","article-title":"msp2 genotyping of Plasmodium falciparum by capillary electrophoresis and GeneMapper\u00ae Program","author":"Felger","year":"2008"},{"key":"R33","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1074","article-title":"Evaluation of Plasmodium vivax genotyping markers for molecular monitoring in clinical trials","volume":"199","author":"Koepfli","year":"2009"},{"key":"R34","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"61","article-title":"The human materno-foetal relationship in malaria. II. Histological, ultrastructural and immunopathological studies of the placenta","volume":"74","author":"Galbraith","year":"1980"},{"key":"R35","series-title":"Histopathology","first-page":"211","article-title":"Placental malaria. I. Pathological classification","volume":"22","author":"Bulmer","year":"1993"},{"key":"R36","series-title":"Histopathology","first-page":"219","article-title":"Placental malaria. II. A semi-quantitative investigation of the pathological features","volume":"22","author":"Bulmer","year":"1993"},{"key":"R37","series-title":"Hum Pathol","first-page":"85","article-title":"Placental pathology in malaria: a histological, immunohistochemical, and quantitative study","volume":"31","author":"Ismail","year":"2000"},{"key":"R38","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"1370","article-title":"Diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria at delivery: comparison of blood film preparation methods and of blood films with histology","volume":"41","author":"Rogerson","year":"2003"},{"key":"R39","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"398","article-title":"The effects of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax infections on placental histopathology in an area of low malaria transmission","volume":"70","author":"McGready","year":"2004"},{"key":"R40","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"392","article-title":"Genotype comparison of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum clones from pregnant and non-pregnant populations in north-west Colombia","volume":"11","author":"Arango","year":"2012"},{"key":"R41","series-title":"Iatreia","first-page":"137","article-title":"Now ICT malaria Pf\/Pv\u00ae frente a microscop\u00eda (gota gruesa-extendido) para diagn\u00f3stico de malaria en Urab\u00e1 (Colombia)","volume":"23","author":"Carmona-Fonseca","year":"2010"},{"key":"R42","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"239","article-title":"Congenital malaria in Urab\u00e1, Colombia","volume":"10","author":"Pi\u00f1eros-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2011"},{"key":"R43","series-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz","first-page":"19","article-title":"Malaria during pregnancy in a reference centre from the Brazilian Amazon: unexpected increase in the frequency of Plasmodium falciparum infections","volume":"99","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Espinosa","year":"2004"},{"key":"R44","series-title":"Ginecol Obstet (Lima)","first-page":"239","article-title":"Gestaci\u00f3n y Malaria","volume":"43","author":"Padilla","year":"1997"},{"key":"R45","series-title":"Acta Med Peruana","first-page":"220","article-title":"Malaria en gestantes entre marzo del 2002 y julio del 2003: experiencia en el Hospital Regional de Loreto, Peru","volume":"25","author":"Ramal Ayasag","year":"2008"},{"key":"R46","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"9","article-title":"Sub-microscopic infections and long-term recrudescence of Plasmodium falciparum in Mozambican pregnant women","volume":"8","author":"Mayor","year":"2009"},{"key":"R47","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1561","article-title":"How hidden can malaria be in pregnant women? Diagnosis by microscopy, placental histology, polymerase chain reaction and detection of histidine-rich protein 2 in plasma","volume":"54","author":"Mayor","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/89\/1\/article-p178.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/89\/1\/article-p178.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/89\/1\/article-p178.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T18:29:49Z","timestamp":1723055389000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/89\/1\/article-p178.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,10]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0669","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,10]]}}}