{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T07:43:39Z","timestamp":1772005419390,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We conducted active surveillance for kala-azar and post\u2013kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) in a population of 24,814 individuals. Between 2002 and 2010, 1,002 kala-azar and 185 PKDL cases occurred. Median PKDL patient age was 12 years; 9% had no antecedent kala-azar. Cases per 10,000 person-years peaked at 90 for kala-azar (2005) and 28 for PKDL (2007). Cumulative PKDL incidence among kala-azar patients was 17% by 5 years. Kala-azar patients younger than 15 years were more likely than older patients to develop PKDL; no other risk factors were identified. The most common lesions were hypopigmented macules. Of 98 untreated PKDL patients, 48 (49%) patients had resolution, with median time of 19 months. Kala-azar patients showed elevated interferon-\u03b3 (IFN\u03b3), tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF\u03b1), and interleukin 10 (IL-10). Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and MMP9\/tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP1) ratio were significantly higher in PKDL patients than in other groups. PKDL is frequent in Bangladesh and poses a challenge to the current visceral leishmaniasis elimination initiative in the Indian subcontinent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,2]],"date-time":"2013-07-02T01:52:53Z","timestamp":1372729973000},"page":"345-353","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Clinical and Immunological Aspects of Post\u2013Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis in Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Shamim","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eben","family":"Kenah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Ashraful Alam","family":"Bhuiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazi Mizanur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brook","family":"Goodhew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chowdhury Mohammad","family":"Ghalib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. 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