{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:32:44Z","timestamp":1790271164665,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Lymphatic filariasis (LF) in rural southeastern Nigeria is transmitted mainly by <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> spp. mosquitoes. Potential coinfection with <jats:italic>Loa loa<\/jats:italic> in this area has prevented use of ivermectin in the mass drug administration (MDA) strategy for LF elimination because of potential severe adverse <jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic>-related reactions. This study determined if long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) distribution programs for malaria would interrupt LF transmission in such areas, without need for MDA. Monthly entomologic monitoring was conducted in sentinel villages before and after LLIN distribution to all households and all age groups (full coverage) in two districts, and to pregnant women and children less than five years of age in the other two districts. No change in human LF microfilaremia prevalence was observed, but mosquito studies showed a statistically significant decrease in LF infection and infectivity with full-coverage LLIN distribution. We conclude that LF transmission can be halted in southeastern Nigeria by full-coverage LLIN distribution, without MDA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,13]],"date-time":"2013-08-13T04:05:06Z","timestamp":1376366706000},"page":"578-587","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Community-Wide Distribution of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets Can Halt Transmission of Lymphatic Filariasis in Southeastern Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Frank O.","family":"Richards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Emukah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia M.","family":"Graves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omeni","family":"Nkwocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Nwankwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Rakers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aryc","family":"Mosher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masayo","family":"Ozaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertram E. B.","family":"Nwoke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chinyere N.","family":"Ukaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chidiebere","family":"Njoku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenrick","family":"Nwodu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Obasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel S.","family":"Miri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"issue":"(Suppl 1)","key":"R1","series-title":"Filaria J","first-page":"S7","article-title":"Loa loa encephalopathy temporally related to ivermectin administration reported from onchocerciasis mass treatment programs from 1989 to 2001: implications for the future (review)","volume":"2","author":"Twum-Danso","year":"2003"},{"issue":"(Suppl 1)","key":"R2","series-title":"Filaria J","first-page":"S2","article-title":"Report of a scientific working group on serious adverse events following Mectizan\u00ae treatment of onchocerciasis in Loa loa endemic areas 28\u201330 May 2002","volume":"2","author":"Brown","year":"2003"},{"issue":"(Suppl 1)","key":"R3","series-title":"Filaria J","first-page":"S9","article-title":"A framework for decision-making for mass distribution of Mectizan\u00ae in areas endemic for Loa loa","volume":"2","author":"Addiss","year":"2003"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec","first-page":"341","article-title":"Meeting of the International Task Force for Disease Eradication (on elimination of LF and onchocerciasis in Africa), April 2011","volume":"86","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec","first-page":"377","article-title":"Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report 2010","volume":"86","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Provisional Strategy for Interrupting Lymphatic Filariasis Transmission in Loiasis-Endemic Countries","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"16","article-title":"The lymphatic filariasis (LF) research forum: towards developing a strategic plan for research to support the global program to eliminate LF (GPELF): program implementation","volume":"71","author":"Malecela-Larazo","year":"2004"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Adv Parasitol","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(05)61010-X","article-title":"Lymphatic filariasis: treatment, control and elimination","volume":"61","author":"Ottesen","year":"2006"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1210","article-title":"The geographic distribution of Loa loa in Africa: results of large-scale implementation of the rapid assessment procedure for loiasis (RAPLOA)","volume":"5","author":"Zour\u00e9","year":"2011"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother","first-page":"179","article-title":"Treatment strategies underpinning the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis","volume":"6","author":"Gyapong","year":"2005"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"125","article-title":"Editorial: global elimination of lymphatic filariasis: fact or fantasy?","volume":"11","author":"Gyapong","year":"2006"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"480","article-title":"Determinants of success in national programs to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: a perspective identifying essential elements and research needs","volume":"79","author":"Kyelem","year":"2008"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Filaria J","first-page":"11","article-title":"The Mectizan\u00ae Donation Program: highlights from 2005","volume":"5","author":"Alleman","year":"2006"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"319","article-title":"The role of monitoring mosquito infection in the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis","volume":"25","author":"Pedersen","year":"2009"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Annu Rev Entomol","first-page":"469","article-title":"Role of vector control in the global program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis","volume":"54","author":"Bockarie","year":"2009"},{"issue":"(Suppl 2)","key":"R16","series-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"S143","article-title":"Limitation and facilitation in the vectors and other aspects of the dynamics of filarial transmission: the need for vector control against Anopheles-transmitted filariasis","volume":"96","author":"Pichon","year":"2002"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec","first-page":"121","article-title":"WHO position statement on integrated vector management to control malaria and lymphatic filariasis","volume":"86","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"556","article-title":"A longitudinal study of impact of repeated mass ivermectin treatment on clinical manifestations of onchocerciasis in Imo State, Nigeria","volume":"70","author":"Emukah","year":"2004"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"534","article-title":"Effects of annual mass treatment with ivermectin for onchocerciasis on the prevalence of intestinal helminths","volume":"83","author":"Gutman","year":"2010"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"Parasitol Today","first-page":"401","article-title":"The ICT Filariasis Test: a rapid-format antigen test for diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis","volume":"13","author":"Weil","year":"1997"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"78","article-title":"Diagnostic tools for filariasis elimination programs","volume":"23","author":"Weil","year":"2007"},{"key":"R22","series-title":"Operational Guidelines for Rapid Mapping of Bancroftian Filariasis in Africa","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2000"},{"key":"R23","series-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"155","article-title":"Significant decrease in the prevalence of Wuchereria bancrofti infection in anopheline mosquitoes following the addition of albendazole to annual, ivermectin-based, mass treatments in Nigeria","volume":"99","author":"Richards","year":"2005"},{"key":"R24","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1346","article-title":"Epidemiological and entomological evaluations after six years or more of mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis elimination in Nigeria","volume":"5","author":"Richards","year":"2011"},{"key":"R25","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"121","article-title":"Community-wide effects of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and malaria morbidity in western Kenya","volume":"68","author":"Hawley","year":"2003"},{"key":"R26","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"88","article-title":"Determinants of the eradicability of filarial infections: a conceptual approach","volume":"21","author":"Duerr","year":"2005"},{"key":"R27","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"223","article-title":"Mathematical modelling and the control of lymphatic filariasis","volume":"4","author":"Michael","year":"2004"},{"key":"R28","series-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec","first-page":"401","article-title":"Sixth meeting of the Technical Advisory Group on the Global Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis, Geneva, Switzerland, 20\u201323 September 2005","volume":"80","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2005"},{"key":"R29","series-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec","first-page":"358","article-title":"Report on the mid-term assessment of microfilaraemia reduction in sentinel sites of 13 countries of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis","volume":"79","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2004"},{"key":"R30","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"963","article-title":"Intra-household mosquito net use in Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, and Zambia: Are nets being used? Who in the household uses them?","volume":"77","author":"Baume","year":"2007"},{"key":"R31","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"211","article-title":"Which family members use the best nets? An analysis of the condition of mosquito nets and their distribution within households in Tanzania","volume":"9","author":"Tsuang","year":"2010"},{"key":"R32","series-title":"World Malaria Report 2011","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"key":"R33","series-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec","first-page":"346","article-title":"Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report 2011","volume":"87","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012"},{"key":"R34","series-title":"Progress Report 2000\u20132009 and Strategic Plan 2010\u20132020 of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/89\/3\/article-p578.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/89\/3\/article-p578.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/89\/3\/article-p578.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T18:23:31Z","timestamp":1723055011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/89\/3\/article-p578.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,4]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0775","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,4]]}}}