{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T06:36:39Z","timestamp":1788503799094,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Between 2000 and 2010, M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res diagnosed and treated 4,831 patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Pokot region straddling the border between Uganda and Kenya. A retrospective analysis of routinely collected clinical data showed no marked seasonal or annual fluctuations. Males between 5 and 14 years of age were the most affected group. Marked splenomegaly and anemia were striking features. An rK39 antigen-based rapid diagnostic test was evaluated and found sufficiently accurate to replace the direct agglutination test and spleen aspiration as the first-line diagnostic procedure. The case-fatality rate with sodium stibogluconate as first-line treatment was low. The VL relapses were rare and often diagnosed more than 6 months post-treatment. Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis was rare but likely to be underdiagnosed. The epidemiological and clinical features of VL in the Pokot area differed markedly from VL in Sudan, the main endemic focus in Africa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,12]],"date-time":"2013-11-12T04:28:19Z","timestamp":1384230499000},"page":"33-39","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Clinical Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis in the Pokot Endemic Area of Uganda and Kenya"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Yolanda K.","family":"Mueller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan H.","family":"Kolaczinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Koech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Lokwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Riongoita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Velilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon J.","family":"Brooker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Chappuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Control of the Leishmaniases","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"J Vector Ecol","first-page":"S23","article-title":"Ecology and control of the sand fly vectors of Leishmania donovani in East Africa, with special emphasis on Phlebotomus orientalis","volume":"36","author":"Elnaiem","year":"2011"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"73","article-title":"Mapping the potential distribution of Phlebotomus martini and P. orientalis (Diptera: Psychodidae), vectors of kala-azar in East Africa by use of geographic information systems","volume":"90","author":"Gebre-Michael","year":"2004"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"399","article-title":"Leishmania donovani is the only cause of visceral leishmaniasis in East Africa; previous descriptions of L. infantum and \u201cL. archibaldi\u201d from this region are a consequence of convergent evolution in the isoenzyme data","volume":"129","author":"Jamjoom","year":"2004"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"East Afr Med J","first-page":"417","article-title":"The spread of kala-azar in Kenya","volume":"38","author":"Fendall","year":"1961"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"East Afr Med J","first-page":"291","article-title":"Kala-azar in the Kitui Reserve","volume":"27","author":"Fendall","year":"1950"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"208","article-title":"Kala-azar in the Baringo District of Kenya; progress report","volume":"59","author":"Fendall","year":"1956"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"East Afr Med J","first-page":"3","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis and malaria prevalence in West Pokot District, Kenya","volume":"69","author":"Mutero","year":"1992"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"East Afr Med J","first-page":"204","article-title":"Studies on kala-azar in Uganda\u2013entomological observations","volume":"46","author":"Wykoff","year":"1969"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Trop Geogr Med","first-page":"111","article-title":"Splenic aspiration. 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