{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T03:16:53Z","timestamp":1792293413710,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Haiti has the lowest rates of access to improved water and sanitation infrastructure in the western hemisphere. This situation was likely exacerbated by the earthquake in 2010 and also contributed to the rapid spread of the cholera epidemic that started later that same year. This report examines the history of the water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) sector in Haiti, considering some factors that have influenced WASH conditions in the country. We then discuss the situation sine the earthquake and subsequent cholera epidemic, and the responses to those events. Finally, drawing on Haiti's National Plan of Action for the Elimination of Cholera in Haiti 2013\u20132022, we suggest some actions that could help bring about long-term WASH improvements for the future. Because the current WASH situation has evolved over decades of limited attention and resources, it will take a long-term, sustained effort to improve the situation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,9]],"date-time":"2013-10-09T02:18:18Z","timestamp":1381285098000},"page":"665-670","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Haiti: Past, Present, and Future"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Gelting","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Bliss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Patrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Lockhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Handzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: 2012 Update","author":"World Health Organization\/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation","year":"2012"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"2087","article-title":"Lessons learned during public health response to cholera epidemic in Haiti and the Dominican Republic","volume":"17","author":"Tappero","year":"2011"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water: 2010 Update","author":"World Health Organization\/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation","year":"2010"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Case Report June 2, 2013","author":"Republic of Haiti: Ministry of Public Health and Population","year":"2013"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Haiti Emergencies for 2010: List of All Humanitarian Pledges, Commitments and Contributions in 2010. Report as of 18-March-2013","author":"Financial Tracking Service, U.N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)","year":"2010"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Haiti Emergencies for 2011: List of All Humanitarian Pledges, Commitments and Ccontributions in 2011. Report as of 18-March-2013","author":"Financial Tracking Service, U.N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)","year":"2011"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Public Health Reports (1876\u20131970)","first-page":"497","article-title":"Haiti: dysentery prevalent in Nippes","volume":"15","author":"Behrmann","year":"1900"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Taking Haiti: Military Occupation and the Culture of U.S. Imperialism","author":"Renda","year":"2000"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Mission to Haiti: Report of the Mission of Technical Assistance to the Republic of Haiti","author":"United Nations","year":"1949"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"J Developing Areas","first-page":"277","article-title":"Policy directions in international lending, 1961\u20131984: the case of the Inter-American Bank","volume":"21","author":"Dewitt","year":"1987"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Report No. 7613-HA, Staff Appraisal Report, Haiti. Centrale Autonome M\u00e9tropolitaine d'Eau Potable (CAMEP), Port-au-Prince Water Supply Project","author":"World Bank","year":"1989"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Caribbean Q","first-page":"175","article-title":"Political economy in Haiti: the drama of survival. New Brunswick: transaction Books, 170. Quoted in Arnold AJ, 1990. Haiti's misery amidst wretched poverty: political economy in Haiti: the drama of survival by Simon M. Fass","volume":"36","author":"Fass","year":"1988"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Ambio","first-page":"312","article-title":"Environment and public health in the Caribbean","volume":"10","author":"Reid","year":"1981"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Report No. 38080, Project Appraisal Document on a Proposed Grant in the amount of SDR 3.4 Million (US$5 million equivalent) to the Republic of Haiti for a Rural Water and Sanitation Project","author":"World Bank","year":"2006"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"J Water Pollution Control Federation","first-page":"842","article-title":"World's water markets beckon consultants and suppliers","volume":"59","author":"Nichols","year":"1987"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"J Policy Anal Manage","first-page":"246","article-title":"Assessing preferences in cost-benefit analysis: reflections on rural water supply evaluation in Haiti","volume":"7","author":"McRae","year":"1988"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"Why Foreign Aid to Haiti Failed","author":"Buss","year":"2006"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"Report No. 23637, Haiti: Country Assistance Evaluation","author":"World Bank","year":"2002"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"Haiti: Political Crisis Causing Foreign Aid to Fall. Inter Press Service","author":"Chanel","year":"1999"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"J Public Health Policy","first-page":"137","article-title":"Integrated HIV prevention and care strengthens primary health care: lessons from rural Haiti","volume":"25","author":"Walton","year":"2004"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"Rapport Annuel 2009\u20132010","author":"Republic of Haiti: National Directorate for Water Supply and Sanitation","year":"2011"},{"key":"R22","series-title":"Emergency Coordination and the WASH Cluster Initiative","author":"United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)","year":"2012"},{"key":"R23","series-title":"Haiti: Funding Received 2013","author":"United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) Financial Tracking Service","year":"2013"},{"key":"R24","series-title":"National Plan for the Elimination of Cholera in Haiti, 2013\u20132022","author":"Republic of Haiti: Ministry of Public Health and Population, National Directorate for Water Supply and Sanitation","year":"2013"},{"key":"R25","series-title":"Elimination of Cholera Transmission in Haiti and the Dominican Republic","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2011"},{"key":"R26","series-title":"Reforme, Modernisation et Investissements dans le Secteur de l'Eau Potable et Assainissement en Haiti","author":"Republic of Haiti: National Directorate for Water Supply and Sanitation","year":"2011"},{"key":"R27","series-title":"Haiti Port-au-Prince Water and Sanitation Project \u2013 II (HA-L1075) Grant Proposal","author":"Inter-American Development Bank","year":"2013"},{"key":"R28","series-title":"Call to Action: a Cholera-Free Hispaniola","author":"Pan American Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United Nations Children's Fund","year":"2012"},{"key":"R29","series-title":"National Plan for the Elimination of Cholera in Haiti, 2013\u20132022, Short Term Plan 2013\u20132015","author":"Republic of Haiti: Ministry of Public Health and Population, National Directorate for Water Supply and Sanitation","year":"2013"},{"key":"R30","series-title":"Linking Technology Choice with Operation and Maintenance in the Context of Community Water Supply and Sanitation","first-page":"4","author":"Brikk\u00e9","year":"2003"},{"key":"R31","series-title":"Gobernanza y Sostenibilidad de Los Sistemas de Agua Potable y Saneamiento Rurales en Colombia","author":"Smits","year":"2012"},{"key":"R32","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"189","article-title":"Impact of oral rehydration and selected public health interventions on reduction of mortality from childhood diarrhoeal diseases in Mexico","volume":"74","author":"Gutierrez","year":"1996"},{"key":"R33","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"4","article-title":"Cholera in Mexico: the paradoxical benefits of the last pandemic","volume":"10","author":"Sepulveda","year":"2006"},{"key":"R34","series-title":"J Water Health","first-page":"481","article-title":"Global cost-benefit analysis of water supply and sanitation interventions","volume":"5","author":"Hutton","year":"2007"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/89\/4\/article-p665.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/89\/4\/article-p665.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/89\/4\/article-p665.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T18:21:48Z","timestamp":1723054908000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/89\/4\/article-p665.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,9]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0217","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,9]]}}}