{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:33:22Z","timestamp":1791218002786,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The vector competence and bionomics of <jats:italic>Culex pipiens<\/jats:italic> form pipiens L. and <jats:italic>Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic> f. molestus Forsk\u00e4l were evaluated for populations from the Sacramento Valley. Both f. pipiens and f. molestus females became infected, produced disseminated infections, and were able to transmit West Nile virus. Form molestus females also transmitted West Nile virus vertically to egg rafts and F<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> progeny, whereas f. pipiens females only transmitted to egg rafts. <jats:italic>Culex pipiens<\/jats:italic> complex from urban Sacramento blood-fed on seven different avian species and two mammalian species. Structure analysis of blood-fed mosquitoes identified K = 4 genetic clusters: f. molestus, f. pipiens, a group of genetically similar hybrids (Cluster X), and admixed individuals. When females were exposed as larvae to midwinter conditions in bioenvironmental chambers, 85% (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 79) of aboveground <jats:italic>Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic> complex females and 100% (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 34) of underground f. molestus females did not enter reproductive diapause.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,17]],"date-time":"2013-09-17T04:35:59Z","timestamp":1379392559000},"page":"1168-1178","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Phenotypic Variation among Culex pipiens Complex (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations from the Sacramento Valley, California: Horizontal and Vertical Transmission of West Nile Virus, Diapause Potential, Autogeny, and Host Selection"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Brittany M.","family":"Nelms","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Kothera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara","family":"Thiemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula A.","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry M.","family":"Savage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William K.","family":"Reisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci","first-page":"220","article-title":"Structure and seasonality of nearctic Culex pipiens populations","volume":"951","author":"Spielman","year":"2001"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Culex pipiens pipiens Mosquitoes: Taxonomy, Distribution, Ecology, Physiology, Genetics, Applied Importance and Control","author":"Vinogradova","year":"2000"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"J Vector Ecol","first-page":"79","article-title":"Spatial and temporal distribution of mosquitoes in underground storm drain systems in Orange County, California","volume":"28","author":"Su","year":"2003"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Ann Entomol Soc Am","first-page":"677","article-title":"Overwintering studies on Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Kern County, California: temporal changes in abundance and reproductive status with comparative observations on C. quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"79","author":"Reisen","year":"1986"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"133","article-title":"The effect of temperature and photoperiod on blood-feeding and ovarian development in mosquitoes of the Culex pipiens complex","volume":"17","author":"Eldridge","year":"1968"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Proc Entomol Soc Wash","first-page":"521","article-title":"Culex (Culex) Molestus Forskal (Diptera, Culicidae)\u2014neotype designation, description, variation, and taxonomic Status","volume":"86","author":"Harbach","year":"1984"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Ann Entomol Soc Am","first-page":"715","article-title":"Genetic analysis of Culex pipiens populations in the central valley of California","volume":"76","author":"Tabachnick","year":"1983"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"116","article-title":"Californian hybrid zone between Culex pipiens pipiens and Cx. p. quinquefasciatus revisited (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"34","author":"Urbanelli","year":"1997"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"36","article-title":"Differences in extent of genetic introgression between sympatric Culex pipiens and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in California and South Africa","volume":"40","author":"Cornel","year":"2003"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1385","article-title":"Vector competence of California mosquitoes for West Nile virus","volume":"8","author":"Goddard","year":"2002"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"1126","article-title":"Does variation in Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) vector competence enable outbreaks of West Nile virus in California?","volume":"45","author":"Reisen","year":"2008"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"193","article-title":"Geographic variation in vector competence for West Nile virus in the Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) complex in California","volume":"7","author":"Vaidyanathan","year":"2007"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"607","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variation in vector competence of Culex pipiens and Cx. restuans mosquitoes for West Nile virus","volume":"83","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2010"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Infect Genet Evol","first-page":"1577","article-title":"\u201cBird biting\u201d mosquitoes and human disease: a review of the role of Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes in epidemiology","volume":"11","author":"Farajollahi","year":"2011"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1015","article-title":"Studies on the dynamics of experimental transmission of West Nile virus by Culex molestus","volume":"4","author":"Tahori","year":"1955"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"296","article-title":"Laboratory transmission of Japanese encephalitis and West Nile viruses by molestus form of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) collected in Uzbekistan in 2004","volume":"43","author":"Turell","year":"2006"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"J Vector Ecol","first-page":"162","article-title":"Is the expression of autogeny by Culex molestus Forskal (Diptera: Culicidae) influenced by larval nutrition or by adult mating, sugar feeding, or blood feeding?","volume":"37","author":"Kassim","year":"2012"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"743","article-title":"Vertical transmission of West Nile virus by three California Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) species","volume":"40","author":"Goddard","year":"2003"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"742","article-title":"West Nile virus in overwintering Culex mosquitoes, New York City, 2000","volume":"7","author":"Nasci","year":"2001"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"344","article-title":"Overwintering of West Nile virus in Southern California","volume":"43","author":"Reisen","year":"2006"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1577","article-title":"Importance of vertical and horizontal transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens in the Northeastern United States","volume":"194","author":"Anderson","year":"2006"},{"key":"R22","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"640","article-title":"Experimental vertical transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"39","author":"Dohm","year":"2002"},{"key":"R23","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"490","article-title":"Detection of West Nile viral RNA from an overwintering pool of Culex pipens pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) in New Jersey, 2003","volume":"42","author":"Farajollahi","year":"2005"},{"key":"R24","series-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc","first-page":"326","article-title":"The discovery of West Nile virus in overwintering Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania","volume":"20","author":"Bugbee","year":"2004"},{"key":"R25","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"303","article-title":"Identification of Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes in a hybrid zone of West Nile virus transmission in Fresno County, California","volume":"78","author":"McAbee","year":"2008"},{"key":"R26","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"425","article-title":"West Nile virus risk assessment and the bridge vector paradigm","volume":"11","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2005"},{"key":"R27","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"268","article-title":"Host selection by Culex pipiens mosquitoes and West Nile virus amplification","volume":"80","author":"Hamer","year":"2009"},{"key":"R28","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"365","article-title":"Host choice and West Nile virus infection rates in blood-fed mosquitoes, including members of the Culex pipiens complex, from Memphis and Shelby County, Tennessee, 2002\u20132003","volume":"7","author":"Savage","year":"2007"},{"key":"R29","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"125","article-title":"Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae): a bridge vector of West Nile virus to humans","volume":"45","author":"Hamer","year":"2008"},{"key":"R30","series-title":"Science","first-page":"1535","article-title":"Emerging vectors in the Culex pipiens complex","volume":"303","author":"Fonseca","year":"2004"},{"key":"R31","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"600","article-title":"Entomologic and avian investigations of an epidemic of West Nile fever in Romania in 1996, with serologic and molecular characterization of a virus isolate from mosquitoes","volume":"61","author":"Savage","year":"1999"},{"key":"R32","series-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc","first-page":"93","article-title":"The Culex pipiens complex in the Mississippi River Basin: identification, distribution, and bloodmeal hosts","volume":"28(4s)","author":"Savage","year":"2012"},{"key":"R33","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"667","article-title":"Genetic influences on mosquito feeding behavior and the emergence of zoonotic pathogens","volume":"77","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2007"},{"key":"R34","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"637","article-title":"Genetic variation associated with mammalian feeding in Culex pipiens from a West Nile virus epidemic region in Chicago, Illinois","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2009"},{"key":"R35","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"903","article-title":"Spatial variation in host feeding patterns of Culex tarsalis and the Culex pipiens complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in California","volume":"49","author":"Thiemann","year":"2012"},{"key":"R36","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"398","article-title":"Blood-feeding patterns of the Culex pipiens complex in Sacramento and Yolo Counties, California","volume":"48","author":"Montgomery","year":"2011"},{"key":"R37","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1269","article-title":"Vector-host interactions governing epidemiology of West Nile virus in Southern California","volume":"83","author":"Molaei","year":"2010"},{"key":"R38","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"518","article-title":"Genetic insights into the population structure of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) in the northeastern United States by using microsatellite analysis","volume":"79","author":"Huang","year":"2008"},{"key":"R39","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"50","article-title":"Genetic differences between Culex pipiens f. molestus and Culex pipiens pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) in New York","volume":"44","author":"Kent","year":"2007"},{"key":"R40","series-title":"Pest Manag Sci","first-page":"359","article-title":"Pyrethroid tolerance in Culex pipiens pipiens var molestus from Marin County, California","volume":"60","author":"McAbee","year":"2004"},{"key":"R41","series-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc","first-page":"500","article-title":"Discovery of Culex pipiens pipiens form molestus in Chicago","volume":"25","author":"Mutebi","year":"2009"},{"key":"R42","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"719","article-title":"Autogeny in Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes from the San Francisco Bay Area","volume":"87","author":"Strickman","year":"2012"},{"key":"R43","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"805","article-title":"A comparison of aboveground and belowground populations of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes in Chicago, Illinois, and New York City, New York, using microsatellites","volume":"47","author":"Kothera","year":"2010"},{"key":"R44","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"773","article-title":"Overwintering biology of Culex mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Sacramento Valley of California","volume":"50","author":"Nelms","year":"2013"},{"key":"R45","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"299","article-title":"High degree of single nucleotide polymorphisms in California Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) sensu lato","volume":"49","author":"Lee","year":"2012"},{"key":"R46","series-title":"J Vector Ecol","first-page":"182","article-title":"Evaluation of factors for rapid development of Culex quinquefasciatus in belowground stormwater treatment devices","volume":"34","author":"Harbison","year":"2009"},{"key":"R47","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1154","article-title":"Population genetic and admixture analyses of Culex pipiens complex (Diptera: Culicidae) populations in California, United States","volume":"89","author":"Kothera","year":"2013"},{"key":"R48","series-title":"Mosq News","first-page":"130","article-title":"An in vitro feeding technique for artificially demonstrating virus transmission by mosquitoes","volume":"37","author":"Aitken","year":"1977"},{"key":"R49","series-title":"Mol Ecol Resources","first-page":"238","article-title":"Development of a high-throughput microsphere-based molecular assay to identify 15 common bloodmeal hosts of Culex mosquitoes","volume":"12","author":"Thiemann","year":"2012"},{"key":"R50","series-title":"In vitro Cell Dev-An","first-page":"344","article-title":"Species identification in cell culture: a two-pronged molecular approach","volume":"43","author":"Cooper","year":"2007"},{"key":"R51","series-title":"Mol Ecol Notes","first-page":"998","article-title":"An inexpensive, automation-friendly protocol for recovering high-quality DNA","volume":"6","author":"Ivanova","year":"2006"},{"key":"R52","series-title":"Mosq News","first-page":"156","article-title":"Aids to ovarian dissection for age determination in mosquitoes","volume":"23","author":"Giglioli","year":"1963"},{"key":"R53","series-title":"Monogr Ser World Health Organ","first-page":"13","article-title":"Age-grouping methods in Diptera of medical importance with special reference to some vectors of malaria","volume":"47","author":"Detinova","year":"1962"},{"key":"R54","series-title":"Physiol Entomol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ovarian development in mosquitoes: stages of growth and arrest, and follicular resorption","volume":"9","author":"Clements","year":"1984"},{"key":"R55","series-title":"Trop Med","first-page":"145","article-title":"Studies on the follicular development and feeding activity of the females of Culex tritaeniorhynchus with special reference to those in autumn","volume":"11","author":"Kawai","year":"1969"},{"key":"R56","series-title":"Ann Entomol Soc Am","first-page":"664","article-title":"Overwintering studies on Culex tarsalis (Diptera, Culicidae) in Kern County, California\u2014survival and the experimental induction and termination of diapause","volume":"79","author":"Reisen","year":"1986"},{"key":"R57","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"319","article-title":"Studies on autogeny in natural populations of Culex pipiens. III. Midsummer preparation for hibernation in anautogenous populations","volume":"10","author":"Spielman","year":"1973"},{"key":"R58","series-title":"Med Parazitol Parazitar Bolezni","first-page":"352","article-title":"The determination of the physiological age of female Anopheles, by the number of gonotrophic cycles completed","volume":"18","author":"Polovodova","year":"1949"},{"key":"R59","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"4066","article-title":"Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay","volume":"38","author":"Lanciotti","year":"2000"},{"key":"R60","series-title":"Expert Rev Mol Diagn","first-page":"357","article-title":"Molecular detection of West Nile virus RNA","volume":"3","author":"Shi","year":"2003"},{"key":"R61","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"312","article-title":"Detection of encephalitis viruses in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and avian tissues","volume":"39","author":"Kramer","year":"2002"},{"key":"R62","series-title":"The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology","first-page":"127","article-title":"Horizontal and vertical transmission of viruses by insect and tick vectors","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Turell","year":"1988"},{"key":"R63","series-title":"PooledInfRate: A Microsoft Excel Add-In to Compute Prevalence Estimates from Pooled Samples","author":"Biggerstaff","year":"2003"},{"key":"R64","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"367","article-title":"Avian host and mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) vector competence determine the efficiency of West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis virus transmission","volume":"42","author":"Reisen","year":"2005"},{"key":"R65","series-title":"Annu Rev Entomol","first-page":"229","article-title":"Intrinsic factors affecting vector competence of mosquitoes for arboviruses","volume":"28","author":"Hardy","year":"1983"},{"key":"R66","series-title":"Genetics","first-page":"2029","article-title":"Wolbachia and cytoplasmic incompatibility in the California Culex pipiens mosquito species complex: parameter estimates and infection dynamics in natural populations","volume":"165","author":"Rasgon","year":"2003"},{"key":"R67","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"445","article-title":"Extrinsic incubation periods for horizontal and vertical transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"45","author":"Anderson","year":"2008"},{"key":"R68","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"371","article-title":"Experimental and natural vertical transmission of West Nile virus by California Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes","volume":"50","author":"Nelms","year":"2013"},{"key":"R69","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"134","article-title":"Horizontal and vertical transmission of West Nile virus genotype NY99 by Culex salinarius and genotypes NY99 and WN02 by Culex tarsalis","volume":"86","author":"Anderson","year":"2012"},{"key":"R70","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"715","article-title":"Genetic variation for West Nile virus susceptibility in Culex tritaeniorhynchus","volume":"33","author":"Hayes","year":"1984"},{"key":"R71","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"757","article-title":"Vertical transmission of West Nile virus by Culex and Aedes species mosquitoes","volume":"48","author":"Baqar","year":"1993"},{"key":"R72","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"143","article-title":"Evaluating sampling method bias in Culex tarsalis and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) bloodmeal identification studies","volume":"49","author":"Thiemann","year":"2012"},{"key":"R73","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"400","article-title":"West Nile virus emergence and persistence in Los Angeles, California, 2003\u20132008","volume":"83","author":"Kwan","year":"2010"},{"key":"R74","series-title":"Condor","first-page":"1","article-title":"Differential impact of West Nile virus on California birds","volume":"111","author":"Wheeler","year":"2009"},{"key":"R75","series-title":"Pest Manag Sci","first-page":"641","article-title":"West Nile virus in North America: perspectives on epidemiology and intervention","volume":"63","author":"Reisen","year":"2007"},{"key":"R76","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"2161","article-title":"Differential virulence of West Nile strains for American Crows","volume":"10","author":"Brault","year":"2004"},{"key":"R77","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"311","article-title":"Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus","volume":"9","author":"Komar","year":"2003"},{"key":"R78","series-title":"The Birds of North America Online","article-title":"Cedar waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum)","author":"Witmer","year":"1997"},{"key":"R79","series-title":"Heredity","first-page":"7","article-title":"Culex pipiens in London underground tunnels: differentiation between surface and subterranean populations","volume":"82","author":"Byrne","year":"1999"},{"key":"R80","series-title":"Med Vet Entomol","first-page":"161","article-title":"Physiological characteristics of Culex pipiens populations in the Middle East","volume":"2","author":"Nudelman","year":"1988"},{"key":"R81","series-title":"Biol J Linn Soc Lond","first-page":"49","article-title":"Electrophoretic variation of Culex pipiens from Egypt and Israel","volume":"29","author":"Villani","year":"1986"},{"key":"R82","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"293","article-title":"Occurrence and distribution of the Culex pipiens complex","volume":"37","author":"Barr","year":"1967"},{"key":"R83","series-title":"Biosystematics of the Culex pipiens Complex in Northern California","author":"Iltis","year":"1966"},{"key":"R84","series-title":"Ann Entomol Soc Am","first-page":"905","article-title":"Environmental control of ovarian diapause in Culex pipiens","volume":"66","author":"Spielman","year":"1973"},{"key":"R85","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"462","article-title":"Effect of incubation at overwintering temperatures on the replication of West Nile virus in New York Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"38","author":"Dohm","year":"2001"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/89\/6\/article-p1168.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/89\/6\/article-p1168.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/89\/6\/article-p1168.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T18:14:52Z","timestamp":1723054492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/89\/6\/article-p1168.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,4]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0219","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,4]]}}}