{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:43:18Z","timestamp":1792114998201,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We assessed interferon-gamma (IFN-\u03b3) responses via enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) to a number of <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic> Typhi antigens in samples from humans with <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic> Typhi bacteremia and typhoid fever in Bangladesh. Compared with responses in healthy endemic zone controls, there were significantly increased IFN-\u03b3 responses at the time of clinical presentation (acute phase) and at convalescence 14\u201328 days later. The majority (80\u201390%) of IFN-\u03b3 expressing T cells were CD4+. We observed a significant increase in interleukin-17 (IL-17) positive CD4 + T cells at convalescent versus acute stage of infection using an intracellular cytokine staining assay. We also found that stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) produced significantly increased levels of a number of cytokines at the convalescent versus acute phase of infection, including IFN-\u03b3, MIP-1\u03b2, sCD40L, TNF-\u03b2, IL-13, and IL-9. These results suggest that <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic> Typhi antigens induce a predominantly Th1 response, but that elevations in other cytokines may be modulatory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,11]],"date-time":"2014-03-11T03:17:37Z","timestamp":1394507857000},"page":"1024-1030","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Cellular and Cytokine Responses to Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi Proteins in Patients with Typhoid Fever in Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Saruar","family":"Bhuiyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abu","family":"Sayeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhana","family":"Khanam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel T.","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taufiqur","family":"Rahman Bhuiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaullah","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umme","family":"Salma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina C.","family":"LaRocque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason B.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Pacek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen B.","family":"Calderwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"LaBaer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward T.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Firdausi","family":"Qadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richelle C.","family":"Charles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"346","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid fever","volume":"82","author":"Crump","year":"2004"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"739","article-title":"Typhoid fever: pathogenesis and immunologic control. 2","volume":"283","author":"Hornick","year":"1970"},{"issue":"(Suppl 1)","key":"R3","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"S15","article-title":"Cell-mediated immunity and antibody responses elicited by attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strains used as live oral vaccines in humans","volume":"45","author":"Sztein","year":"2007"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-93864-4_8","article-title":"Tracking the dynamics of Salmonella specific T cell responses","volume":"334","author":"Moon","year":"2009"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"1416","article-title":"Cell-mediated immune responses in humans after immunization with one or two doses of oral live attenuated typhoid vaccine CVD 909","volume":"25","author":"Wahid","year":"2007"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"J Immunol","first-page":"2734","article-title":"Concomitant induction of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in volunteers immunized with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strain CVD 908-htrA","volume":"170","author":"Salerno-Goncalves","year":"2003"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1193","article-title":"Interferon-gamma and proliferation responses to Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi proteins in patients with S. 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