{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T12:13:55Z","timestamp":1776860035894,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To better delineate the impact of parasitic coinfection in coastal Kenya, we developed a novel specimen-sparing bead assay using multiplex flow immunoassay (MFI) technology to simultaneously measure serum or plasma immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) against <jats:italic>Brugia malayi<\/jats:italic> antigen (BMA) and <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic> soluble worm antigen (SWAP). Properties of the bead assay were estimated by latent class analysis using data from <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> egg counts\/filarial rapid diagnostic cards (RDTs), parasite-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), and the multichannel IgG4 assay. For schistosomiasis, the bead assay had an estimated sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 45%, and it was more sensitive than ELISA or urine egg counts for diagnosing infection. For filariasis, it had a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 39%, and it was more sensitive than ELISA or RDT. Measuring antibody by MFI is feasible and may provide more accurate epidemiological information than current parasitological tests, especially in the setting of low-intensity infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,11]],"date-time":"2014-02-11T01:41:38Z","timestamp":1392082898000},"page":"638-645","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Development of a Specimen-Sparing Multichannel Bead Assay to Detect Antiparasite IgG4 for the Diagnosis of Schistosoma and Wuchereria Infections on the Coast of Kenya"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Adam S.","family":"DuVall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica K.","family":"Fairley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Sutherland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amaya L.","family":"Bustinduy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter L.","family":"Mungai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric M.","family":"Muchiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Indu","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uriel","family":"Kitron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles H.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1561","article-title":"Reassessment of the cost of chronic helmintic infection: a meta-analysis of disability-related outcomes in endemic schistosomiasis","volume":"365","author":"King","year":"2005"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Int J Epidemiol","first-page":"1092","article-title":"Multiple parasite infections and their relationship to self-reported morbidity in a community of rural Cote d'Ivoire","volume":"33","author":"Raso","year":"2004"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"783","article-title":"The health impact of polyparasitism in humans: are we under-estimating the burden of parasitic diseases?","volume":"135","author":"Pullan","year":"2008"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Int J Epidemiol","first-page":"221","article-title":"Polyparasitism","volume":"34","author":"McKenzie","year":"2005"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"2160","article-title":"Functional significance of low-intensity polyparasite helminth infections in anemia","volume":"192","author":"Ezeamama","year":"2005"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e245","article-title":"The synergistic effect of concomitant schistosomiasis, hookworm, and Trichuris infections on children's anemia burden","volume":"2","author":"Ezeamama","year":"2008"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"671","article-title":"Polyparasitism on the Kenya coast. 1. 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