{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T21:51:31Z","timestamp":1793397091504,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>West Nile virus (WN virus) is one of the most widespread arbovirus and exhibits a great genetic diversity with 8 lineages, at least 4 (1, 2, Koutango, and putative new) are present in Africa. In West Africa, <jats:italic>Culex neavei<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Culex quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic> are considered as potential vectors for WN virus transmission in sylvatic or urban context. We analyzed the vector competence of these <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic> species from Senegal for African lineages and envelope proteins sequences of viral strains used. We showed that lineage 1 is transmitted by both <jats:italic>Culex mosquitoes<\/jats:italic>, whereas the putative new lineage 8 is transmitted only by <jats:italic>Cx. neavei<\/jats:italic>. Our findings suggest that genetic variability can affect vector competence and depend on mosquito. However, when considering the infective life rate, the mosquito population seems to be inefficient for WN virus transmission in the field and could explain the low impact of WN virus in Africa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,25]],"date-time":"2014-02-25T02:58:54Z","timestamp":1393297134000},"page":"747-754","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Vector Competence of Culex neavei and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Senegal for Lineages 1, 2, Koutango and a Putative New Lineage of West Nile Virus"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Gamou","family":"Fall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mawlouth","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheikh","family":"Loucoubar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ousmane","family":"Faye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amadou Alpha","family":"Sall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol","first-page":"649","article-title":"Flavivirus genome organization, expression, and replication","volume":"44","author":"Chambers","year":"1990"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"73","article-title":"Phylogeny of the genus Flavivirus","volume":"72","author":"Kuno","year":"1998"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Vet Res","first-page":"67","article-title":"West Nile virus and its emergence in the United States of America","volume":"41","author":"Murray","year":"2010"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Am J Trop Med","first-page":"471","article-title":"A neurotropic virus isolated from the blood of a native of Uganda","volume":"20","author":"Smithburn","year":"1940"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"643","article-title":"West Nile fever a reemerging mosquito-borne viral disease in Europe","volume":"5","author":"Hubalek","year":"1999"},{"issue":"(suppl)","key":"R6","series-title":"J Appl Microbiol","first-page":"47S","article-title":"Migratory birds and West Nile virus","volume":"94","author":"Rappole","year":"2003"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1174","article-title":"Virology, pathology, and clinical manifestations of West Nile virus disease","volume":"11","author":"Hayes","year":"2005"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol","first-page":"184","article-title":"Human arthropod-borne virus infections in Nigeria. Serological and virological investigations and Shaki, Oyo State","volume":"22","author":"Fagbami","year":"1978"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Immunol Cell Biol","first-page":"33","article-title":"Immunopathology of flavivirus infections","volume":"85","author":"King","year":"2007"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Final Maps and Data for 1999\u20132012","author":"ArboNET Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2012"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci","first-page":"161","article-title":"The West Nile virus encephalitis outbreak in the United States (1999\u20132000): from Flushing, New York, to beyond its borders","volume":"951","author":"Asnis","year":"2001"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1807","article-title":"West Nile Outbreak Response Working Group. The outbreak of West Nile virus infection in the New York City area in 1999","volume":"344","author":"Nash","year":"2001"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Clin Lab Med","first-page":"47","article-title":"West Nile virus","volume":"30","author":"Rossi","year":"2010"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Viruses","first-page":"811","article-title":"West Nile virus: immunity and pathogenesis","volume":"3","author":"Lim","year":"2011"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Zoonoses Public Health","first-page":"338","article-title":"The zoonotic flaviviruses of southern, south-eastern and eastern Asia, and Australasia: the potential for emergent viruses","volume":"56","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2009"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"Virus d'Afrique (base de donn\u00e9es)"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1534","article-title":"Fatal neurologic disease and abortion in mare infected with lineage 1 West Nile virus, South Africa","volume":"17","author":"Venter","year":"2011"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci","first-page":"153","article-title":"Kunjin virus: an Australian variant of West Nile?","volume":"951","author":"Hall","year":"2001"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"Virology","first-page":"96","article-title":"Complete genome sequences and phylogenetic analysis of West Nile virus strains isolated from the United States, Europe, and the Middle East","volume":"298","author":"Lanciotti","year":"2002"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"Science","first-page":"2333","article-title":"Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States","volume":"286","author":"Lanciotti","year":"1999"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"618","article-title":"Lineage 1 and 2 strains of encephalitic West Nile virus, central Europe","volume":"12","author":"Bakonyi","year":"2006"},{"key":"R22","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect","first-page":"1176","article-title":"Detection of West Nile virus lineage 2 in mosquitoes during a human outbreak in Greece","volume":"17","author":"Papa","year":"2011"},{"key":"R23","series-title":"Euro Surveill","first-page":"20002","article-title":"Human case of autochthonous West Nile virus lineage 2 infection in Italy, September 2011","volume":"16","author":"Bagnarelli","year":"2011"},{"key":"R24","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"222","article-title":"Genetic determinants of virulence in pathogenic lineage 2 West Nile virus strains","volume":"14","author":"Botha","year":"2008"},{"key":"R25","series-title":"Virology","first-page":"381","article-title":"Evolutionary relationship between Old World West Nile virus strains. Evidence for viral gene flow between Africa, the Middle East, and Europe","volume":"315","author":"Charrel","year":"2003"},{"key":"R26","series-title":"J Gen Virol","first-page":"3637","article-title":"Viral envelope protein glycosylation is a molecular determinant of the neuroinvasiveness of the New York strain of West Nile virus","volume":"85","author":"Shirato","year":"2004"},{"key":"R27","series-title":"Virology","first-page":"222","article-title":"West Nile virus envelope protein glycosylation is required for efficient viral transmission by Culex vectors","volume":"387","author":"Moudy","year":"2009"},{"key":"R28","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"13262","article-title":"N-linked glycosylation of West Nile virus envelope proteins influences particle assembly and infectivity","volume":"9","author":"Hanna","year":"2005"},{"key":"R29","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"374","article-title":"Requirement of glycosylation of West Nile virus envelope protein for infection of, but not spread within, Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito vectors","volume":"85","author":"Moudy","year":"2011"},{"key":"R30","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"865","article-title":"West Nile encephalitis","volume":"326","author":"Solomon","year":"2003"},{"key":"R31","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"730","article-title":"Outbreak of West Nile virus causing severe neurological involvement in children, Nuba Mountains, Sudan, 2002","volume":"9","author":"Depoortere","year":"2002"},{"key":"R32","series-title":"Med Mal Infect","first-page":"456","article-title":"Second epidemic of West Nile virus meningoencephalitis in Tunisia","volume":"40","author":"Hachfi","year":"2010"},{"key":"R33","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"261","article-title":"Epidemic West Nile encephalitis, New York, 1999: results of a household-based seroepidemiological survey","volume":"358","author":"Mostashari","year":"1999"},{"key":"R34","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"579","article-title":"A study of the ecology of West Nile virus in Egypt","volume":"5","author":"Hurlbut","year":"1956"},{"key":"R35","series-title":"Viral Immunol","first-page":"17","article-title":"Seroprevalence of West Nile virus in Ghana","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2009"},{"key":"R36","series-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot","first-page":"131","article-title":"A serological survey of arboviruses in the human population of Senegal","volume":"71","author":"Renaudet","year":"1978"},{"key":"R37","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"480","article-title":"Arbovirus surveillance from 1990 to 1995 in the Barkedji area (Ferlo) of Senegal, a possible natural focus of Rift Valley fever virus","volume":"38","author":"Traor\u00e9-Lamizana","year":"2001"},{"key":"R38","series-title":"Epidemiol Infect","first-page":"1601","article-title":"Environmental risk factors of West Nile virus infection of horses in the Senegal River basin","volume":"138","author":"Chevalier","year":"2010"},{"key":"R39","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"589","article-title":"Predicting West Nile virus seroprevalence in wild birds in Senegal","volume":"9","author":"Chevalier","year":"2009"},{"key":"R40","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"934","article-title":"Isolations of West Nile and Bagaza viruses from mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in central Senegal (Ferlo)","volume":"31","author":"Traore-Lamizana","year":"1994"},{"key":"R41","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"1289","article-title":"Mosquitoes of western Uganda","volume":"49","author":"Mutebi","year":"2012"},{"key":"R42","series-title":"Med Vet Entomol","first-page":"119","article-title":"Mosquito vectors of the 1998\u20131999 outbreak of Rift Valley Fever and other arboviruses (Bagaza, Sanar, Wesselsbron and West Nile) in Mauritania and Senegal","volume":"19","author":"Diallo","year":"2005"},{"key":"R43","series-title":"J Vector Ecol","first-page":"426","article-title":"Temporal distribution and spatial pattern of abundance of the Rift Valley fever and West Nile fever vectors in Barkedji, Senegal","volume":"36","author":"Diallo","year":"2011"},{"key":"R44","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"1","article-title":"Feeding behavior of potential vectors of West Nile virus in Senegal","volume":"4","author":"Fall","year":"2011"},{"key":"R45","series-title":"J Commun Dis","first-page":"20","article-title":"Indoor resting density, survival rate and host preference of Culex quinquefasciatus say (Diptera: Culicidae) in Mysore City","volume":"24","author":"Gowda","year":"1992"},{"key":"R46","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"676","article-title":"The 2002 introduction of West Nile virus into Harris County, Texas, an area historically endemic for St. Louis encephalitis","volume":"70","author":"Lillibridge","year":"2004"},{"key":"R47","series-title":"Science","first-page":"1535","article-title":"Emerging vectors in the Culex pipiens complex","volume":"303","author":"Fonseca","year":"2004"},{"key":"R48","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"125","article-title":"Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae): a bridge vector of West Nile virus to humans","volume":"45","author":"Hamer","year":"2008"},{"key":"R49","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"551","article-title":"Detection of Usutu virus within a West Nile virus surveillance program in Northern Italy","volume":"11","author":"Tamba","year":"2011"},{"key":"R50","series-title":"Am Mosq Control Assoc Bull","first-page":"61","article-title":"Manual for Mosquito Rearing and Experimental Techniques","author":"Gerberg","year":"1994"},{"key":"R51","series-title":"Res Virol","first-page":"417","article-title":"Continuous cell lines and immune ascitic fluid pools in arbovirus detection","volume":"143","author":"Digoutte","year":"1992"},{"key":"R52","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"113","article-title":"A simple micro-culture method for the study of group B arboviruses","volume":"40","author":"De Madrid","year":"1969"},{"key":"R53","series-title":"Mol Biol Evol","first-page":"2731","article-title":"Phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary analyses were conducted using MEGA version 5","volume":"28","author":"Tamura","year":"2011"},{"key":"R54","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"226","article-title":"Experimental assessment of the vector competence of Culex (Culex) neavei Theobald with West Nile and Sindbis viruses in South Africa","volume":"80","author":"Jupp","year":"1986"},{"key":"R55","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"589","article-title":"Vector competence of some French Culex and Aedes mosquitoes for West Nile virus","volume":"8","author":"Balenghien","year":"2008"},{"key":"R56","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"182","article-title":"Vector competence of New Zealand mosquitoes for selected arboviruses","volume":"85","author":"Kramer","year":"2011"},{"key":"R57","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"1197","article-title":"Ability of selected Kenyan mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) species to transmit West Nile virus under laboratory conditions","volume":"48","author":"Lutomiah","year":"2011"},{"key":"R58","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"126","article-title":"Environmental and biological factors influencing Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) vector competence for West Nile virus","volume":"83","author":"Richards","year":"2010"},{"key":"R59","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"426","article-title":"West Nile virus vector competency of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in the Galapagos Islands","volume":"85","author":"Eastwood","year":"2011"},{"key":"R60","series-title":"Acta Virol","first-page":"119","article-title":"First isolation of mosquito-borne West Nile virus in the Czech Republic","volume":"42","author":"Hub\u00e1lek","year":"1998"},{"key":"R61","series-title":"PLoS ONE","first-page":"e39387","article-title":"Characterization of Rabensburg virus, a flavivirus closely related to West Nile virus of the Japanese encephalitis antigen group","volume":"7","author":"Aliota","year":"2012"},{"key":"R62","series-title":"J Gen Virol","first-page":"2293","article-title":"Extensive nucleotide changes and deletions within the envelope glycoprotein gene of Euro-African West Nile viruses","volume":"78","author":"Berthet","year":"1997"},{"key":"R63","series-title":"Am J Mosq Control Assoc","first-page":"10","article-title":"Gonotrophic cycle and survivorship of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) using sticky ovitraps in Monterrey, northeastern Mexico","volume":"22","author":"Elizondo-Quiroga","year":"2006"},{"key":"R64","series-title":"Arch Virol Suppl","first-page":"85","article-title":"West Nile virus and other zoonotic viruses in Russia: examples of emerging-reemerging situations","volume":"18","author":"Lvov","year":"2004"},{"key":"R65","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"234","article-title":"Regional differences in the association between land cover and West Nile virus disease incidence in humans in the United States","volume":"84","author":"Bowden","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/90\/4\/article-p747.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/90\/4\/article-p747.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/90\/4\/article-p747.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T21:28:15Z","timestamp":1723066095000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/90\/4\/article-p747.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,2]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0405","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,2]]}}}