{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T10:30:25Z","timestamp":1762079425637},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic> eggs and <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic> DNA levels were measured in urine samples from 708 girls recruited from 18 randomly sampled primary schools in South Africa. Microscopic analysis of two 10-mL urine subsamples collected on three consecutive days confirmed high day-to-day variation; 103 (14.5%) girls had positive results at all six examinations, and at least one positive sample was seen in 225 (31.8%) girls. <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>-specific DNA, which was measured in a 200-\u03bcL urine subsample by using real-time polymerase chain reaction, was detected in 180 (25.4%) cases, and levels of DNA corresponded significantly with average urine egg excretion. In concordance with microscopic results, polymerase chain reaction results were significantly associated with history of gynecologic symptoms and confirmed highly focal distribution of urogenital schistosomiasis. Parasite-specific DNA detection has a sensitivity comparable to single urine microscopy and could be used as a standardized high-throughput procedure to assess distribution of urogenital schistosomiasis in relatively large study populations by using small sample volumes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,28]],"date-time":"2014-01-28T05:47:03Z","timestamp":1390888023000},"page":"546-552","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for Detection of Schistosoma DNA in Small-Volume Urine Samples Reflects Focal Distribution of Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Primary School Girls in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Pavitra","family":"Pillay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myra","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siphosenkosi G.","family":"Zulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Svein G.","family":"Gundersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaco J.","family":"Verweij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pytsje","family":"Hoekstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric A. T.","family":"Brienen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Kleppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eyrun F.","family":"Kjetland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisette","family":"van Lieshout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Science","first-page":"1077","article-title":"Waterborne infectious diseases\u2013could they be consigned to history?","volume":"313","author":"Fenwick","year":"2006"},{"year":"2006","series-title":"Preventive Chemotherapy in Human Helminthiasis: Coordinated Use of Anthelminthic Drugs in Control Interventions: A Manual for Health Professionals and Programme Managers","author":"World Health Organization","key":"R2"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"PLos Neg Tropl Dis","first-page":"e485","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in Africa: an emerging tragedy in our new global health decade","volume":"3","author":"Hotez","year":"2009"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"58","article-title":"A review of female genital schistosomiasis","volume":"28","author":"Kjetland","year":"2012"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"327","article-title":"Clinical findings in female genital schistosomiasis in Madagascar","volume":"3","author":"Leutscher","year":"1998"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"299","article-title":"Presence of Schistosoma mansoni eggs in the cervix uteri of women in Mwanga District, Tanzania","volume":"95","author":"Poggensee","year":"2001"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"822","article-title":"Schistosomiasis of the female genital tract. A histopathological study of 176 cases from Malawi","volume":"76","author":"Wright","year":"1982"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"433","article-title":"Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis and HIV in females living in a rural community of Zimbabwe: does age matter?","volume":"101","author":"Ndhlovu","year":"2007"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"740","article-title":"Genital schistosomiasis in women: a clinical 12-month in vivo study following treatment with praziquantel","volume":"100","author":"Kjetland","year":"2006"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"PLos Neg Tropl Dis","first-page":"e1396","article-title":"Examining the relationship between urogenital schistosomiasis and HIV infection","volume":"5","author":"Mbabazi","year":"2011"},{"year":"2010","series-title":"Statement \u2013 WHO Working Group on Urogenital Schistosomiasis and HIV Transmission, October 12, 2009","author":"World Health Organization","key":"R11"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1106","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis","volume":"368","author":"Gryseels","year":"2006"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"PLos Neg Tropl Dis","first-page":"e2401","article-title":"S. haematobium as a common cause of genital morbidity in girls: a cross-sectional study of children in South Africa","volume":"7","author":"Hegertun","year":"2013"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"469","article-title":"Landscape of neglected tropical diseases: getting it right","volume":"13","author":"Van Lieshout","year":"2013"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"75","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in areas of low endemicity: a new era in diagnosis","volume":"29","author":"Cavalcanti","year":"2013"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"625","article-title":"Application of a circulating-cathodic-antigen (CCA) strip test and real-time PCR, in comparison with microscopy, for the detection of Schistosoma haematobium in urine samples from Ghana","volume":"102","author":"Obeng","year":"2008"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1028","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of Schistosoma infections in urine samples of school children in Ghana","volume":"88","author":"Aryeetey","year":"2013"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"South Afr J Epidemiol Infect","first-page":"55","article-title":"A school-based helminth control programme successfully implemented in KwaZulu-Natal","volume":"21","author":"Appleton","year":"2006"},{"year":"2011","series-title":"The 2011 National Antenatal Sentinel HIV and Syphilis Prevalence Survey in South Africa","author":"Department of Health South Africa","key":"R19"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr","first-page":"50","article-title":"A health and nutritional profile of rural school children in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"21","author":"Jinabhai","year":"2001"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"South Afr J Epidemiol Infect","first-page":"30","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and water-related practices in school girls in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"25","author":"Thomassen Morgas","year":"2010"},{"key":"R22","series-title":"J Clin Virol","first-page":"S3","article-title":"Clinical virology in real time","volume":"25","author":"Niesters","year":"2002"},{"year":"1998","series-title":"Guidelines for the Evaluation of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis and Schistosomiasis at Community Level","author":"Montresor","key":"R23"},{"key":"R24","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"807","article-title":"Reduction of pathological findings in urine and bladder lesions in infection with Schistosoma haematobium after treatment with praziquantel","volume":"152","author":"Doehring","year":"1985"},{"key":"R25","series-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis","first-page":"488","article-title":"Newer diagnostic approaches to intestinal protozoa","volume":"23","author":"Van Lieshout","year":"2010"},{"key":"R26","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"1208","article-title":"Schistosoma real-time PCR as diagnostic tool for international travellers and migrants","volume":"17","author":"Cnops","year":"2012"},{"key":"R27","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"998","article-title":"Diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium by detection of specific DNA fragments from filtered urine samples","volume":"84","author":"Ibironke","year":"2011"},{"key":"R28","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"55","article-title":"Prospective European-wide multicentre study on a blood based real-time PCR for the diagnosis of acute schistosomiasis","volume":"13","author":"Wichmann","year":"2013"},{"key":"R29","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"37","article-title":"Persistent digestive disorders in the tropics: causative infectious pathogens and reference diagnostic tests","volume":"13","author":"Becker","year":"2013"},{"key":"R30","series-title":"Mol Cell Probes","first-page":"11","article-title":"Detection of diarrhoeal pathogens in human faeces using an automated, robotic platform","volume":"26","author":"Jex","year":"2012"},{"key":"R31","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1050","article-title":"Schistosomiasis PCR in vaginal lavage as an indicator of genital Schistosoma haematobium infection in rural Zimbabwean women","volume":"81","author":"Kjetland","year":"2009"},{"key":"R32","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"353","article-title":"Micro-scale investigation of intestinal schistosomiasis transmission on Ngamba and Kimi islands, Lake Victoria, Uganda","volume":"128","author":"Standley","year":"2012"},{"key":"R33","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"426","article-title":"A five-country evaluation of a point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen urine assay for the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"88","author":"Colley","year":"2013"},{"key":"R34","series-title":"Exp Parasitol","first-page":"274","article-title":"A robust dry reagent lateral flow assay for diagnosis of active schistosomiasis by detection of Schistosoma circulating anodic antigen","volume":"135","author":"Van Dam","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/90\/3\/article-p546.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/90\/3\/article-p546.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/90\/3\/article-p546.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T21:30:40Z","timestamp":1723066240000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/90\/3\/article-p546.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,5]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0406","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9637"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1476-1645"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,5]]}}}