{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:32:47Z","timestamp":1787031167726,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We conducted a case\u2013control study to examine associations between parasite infection, including protozoa infection, and tuberculosis (TB) in children in Lima, Peru. We enrolled 189 matched-pairs. In multivariable conditional logistic regression analyses,\n                    <jats:italic>Blastocystis hominis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection (rate ratio = 0.30, 95% confidence interval = 0.14\u20130.64,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.002) was strongly associated with a lower risk of TB. We observed a statistically significant inverse linear dose-response relationship between\n                    <jats:italic>Blastocystis hominis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection and TB. These findings should be confirmed in future prospective studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,30]],"date-time":"2013-12-30T21:32:35Z","timestamp":1388439155000},"page":"279-282","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Parasite Infection and Tuberculosis Disease among Children: A Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Molly F.","family":"Franke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hern\u00e1n","family":"del Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yn\u00e9s","family":"Pereda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonid","family":"Lecca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jhoelma","family":"Fuertes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luz","family":"C\u00e1rdenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercedes C.","family":"Becerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Bayona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"2151","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000","volume":"379","author":"Liu","year":"2012"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"233","article-title":"Effect of Plasmodium falciparum malaria on concentration of HIV-1-RNA in the blood of adults in rural Malawi: a prospective cohort study","volume":"365","author":"Kublin","year":"2005"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Am J Epidemiol","first-page":"1134","article-title":"Effect of tuberculosis on the survival of women infected with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"165","author":"L\u00f3pez-Gatell","year":"2007"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS","first-page":"221","article-title":"Epidemiology of malaria and helminth interaction: a review from 2001 to 2011","volume":"7","author":"Adegnika","year":"2012"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS","first-page":"239","article-title":"Coinfection-helminthes and tuberculosis","volume":"7","author":"Rafi","year":"2012"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Parasite Immunol","first-page":"507","article-title":"Helminthes could influence the outcome of vaccines against TB in the tropics","volume":"28","author":"Elias","year":"2006"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Folia Histochem Cytobiol","first-page":"93","article-title":"IFN-gamma, IL-5, IL-6 and IgE in patients infected with Giardia intestinalis","volume":"47","author":"Matowicka-Karna","year":"2009"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Gut","first-page":"342","article-title":"Giardia induces proliferation and interferon gamma production by intestinal lymphocytes","volume":"44","author":"Ebert","year":"1999"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J","article-title":"Modifiable factors associated with tuberculosis disease in children: a case-control study","author":"Franke","year":"2013"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis","first-page":"977","article-title":"Tuberculosis skin testing, anergy and protein malnutrition in Peru","volume":"9","author":"Pelly","year":"2005"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Parasitolog\u00eda Latinoamericana","first-page":"54","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in primary school children of Santiago de Surco, Lima, Peru","volume":"61","author":"Iannacone","year":"2006"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"159","article-title":"A device for the diagnosis of Enterobius infection","author":"Graham","year":"1941"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Parasites - Blastocystis spp. Infection - FAQs","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2012"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"105","article-title":"Blastocystis: to treat or not to treat\u2026","volume":"54","author":"Coyle","year":"2012"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries","first-page":"278","article-title":"Profiles of enteropathogens in asymptomatic children from indigenous communities of M\u00e9rida, Venezuela","volume":"5","author":"Velasco","year":"2011"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"PLoS ONE","first-page":"e8804","article-title":"Infection with Helicobacter pylori is associated with protection against tuberculosis","volume":"5","author":"Perry","year":"2010"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"Infect Dis Poverty","first-page":"18","article-title":"HIV and intestinal parasite co-infections among a Chinese population: an immunological profile","volume":"2","author":"Tian","year":"2013"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"Rev Chilena Infectol","first-page":"440","article-title":"Infecciones parasitarias intestinales y factores asociados a la infecci\u00f3n por coccidias en pacientes adultos de un hospital p\u00fablico de Lima, Per\u00fa","volume":"26","author":"Chincha","year":"2009"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"J Trop Pediatr","first-page":"299","article-title":"Intestinal protozoan infections in relation to nutritional status and gastrointestinal morbidity in Colombian school children","volume":"56","author":"Boeke","year":"2010"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"639","article-title":"New insights on classification, identification, and clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp","volume":"21","author":"Tan","year":"2008"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"Mucosal Immunol","first-page":"246","article-title":"The impact of mucosal infections on acquisition and progression of tuberculosis","volume":"4","author":"Perry","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/90\/2\/article-p279.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/90\/2\/article-p279.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/90\/2\/article-p279.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T17:33:58Z","timestamp":1723052038000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/90\/2\/article-p279.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,5]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0425","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,5]]}}}