{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T04:50:21Z","timestamp":1792731021177,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tropical infectious diseases diagnosis and surveillance are often hampered by difficulties of sample collection and transportation. Filter paper potentially provides a useful medium to help overcome such problems. We reviewed the literature on the use of filter paper, focusing on the evaluation of nucleic acid and serological assays for diagnosis of infectious diseases using dried blood spots (DBS) compared with recognized gold standards. We reviewed 296 eligible studies and included 101 studies evaluating DBS and 192 studies on other aspects of filter paper use. We also discuss the use of filter paper with other body fluids and for tropical veterinary medicine. In general, DBS perform with sensitivities and specificities similar or only slightly inferior to gold standard sample types. However, important problems were revealed with the uncritical use of DBS, inappropriate statistical analysis, and lack of standardized methodology. DBS have great potential to empower healthcare workers by making laboratory-based diagnostic tests more readily accessible, but additional and more rigorous research is needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,24]],"date-time":"2013-12-24T04:19:02Z","timestamp":1387858742000},"page":"195-210","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"title":["An Overview of the Clinical Use of Filter Paper in the Diagnosis of Tropical Diseases"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Pieter W.","family":"Smit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivo","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosanna W.","family":"Peeling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Mabey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul N.","family":"Newton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"issue":"(Suppl 1)","key":"R1","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","first-page":"1","article-title":"History and development of antimicrobial susceptibility testing methodology","volume":"48","author":"Wheat","year":"2001"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Rev Med Cubana","first-page":"953","article-title":"The diagnosis of syphilis on a dessicated and defibrinated blood drop","volume":"43","author":"Chediak","year":"1932"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Munch Med Wochenschr","first-page":"1732","article-title":"Die Trockblutprobe auf Syphilis; ein Beitrag zu ihrer Vereinfachung","volume":"2","author":"Zimmermann","year":"1939"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd","first-page":"1246","article-title":"A simple inexpensive and efficient method of preparing dysentery, typhoid and paratyphoid feces for dispatch to the laboratory","volume":"94","author":"Joe","year":"1950"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Exp Parasitol","first-page":"111","article-title":"A technique for the use of minute amounts of dried blood in the fluorescent antibody test for schistosomiasis","volume":"11","author":"Anderson","year":"1961"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"338","article-title":"A simple phenylalanine method for detecting phenylketonuria in large populations of newborn infants","volume":"32","author":"Guthrie","year":"1963"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1746","article-title":"A diagnostics platform for the integrated mapping, monitoring, and surveillance of neglected tropical diseases: rationale and target product profiles","volume":"6","author":"Solomon","year":"2012"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Rev Med Virol","first-page":"385","article-title":"Diagnosis of congenital CMV infection via dried blood spots","volume":"16","author":"Barbi","year":"2006"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"AIDS Rev","first-page":"195","article-title":"Dried blood spots for HIV-1 drug resistance and viral load testing: a review of current knowledge and WHO efforts for global HIV drug resistance surveillance","volume":"12","author":"Bertagnolio","year":"2010"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis","first-page":"653","article-title":"New methods for the surveillance of HIV drug resistance in the resource poor world","volume":"21","author":"Buckton","year":"2008"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Antivir Ther","first-page":"619","article-title":"Dried fluid spots for HIV type-1 viral load and resistance genotyping: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Hamers","year":"2009"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","first-page":"1126","article-title":"Dried blood spots can expand access to virological monitoring of HIV treatment in resource-limited settings","volume":"64","author":"Johannessen","year":"2009"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Clin Biochem","first-page":"110","article-title":"The analysis of dried blood spot samples using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"44","author":"Keevil","year":"2011"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"J Nutr","first-page":"1631S","article-title":"Use of filter paper for the collection and analysis of human whole blood specimens","volume":"131","author":"Mei","year":"2001"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"J Clin Pathol","first-page":"633","article-title":"The use of the dried blood spot sample in epidemiological studies","volume":"52","author":"Parker","year":"1999"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"PLoS Med","first-page":"e417","article-title":"HIV-1 viral load assays for resource-limited settings","volume":"3","author":"Fiscus","year":"2006"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"Antiviral Res","first-page":"309","article-title":"Current and future applications of dried blood spots in viral disease management","volume":"93","author":"Snijdewind","year":"2012"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"Bioanalysis","first-page":"1099","article-title":"Dried blood spot sampling: practical considerations and recommendation for use with preclinical studies","volume":"3","author":"Burnett","year":"2011"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic","author":"UNAIDS-WHO","year":"2008"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr","first-page":"615","article-title":"Dried blood spots improve access to HIV diagnosis and care for infants in low-resource settings","volume":"38","author":"Sherman","year":"2005"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis","first-page":"493","article-title":"Prevalence of the human immunodeficiency virus among patients with tuberculosis in Sierra Leone, established from dried blood spots on filter paper","volume":"1","author":"Boillot","year":"1997"},{"key":"R22","series-title":"J Virol Methods","first-page":"109","article-title":"Dried blood spots for the diagnosis and quantitation of HIV-1: stability studies and evaluation of sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of infant HIV-1 infection in Thailand","volume":"155","author":"Leelawiwat","year":"2009"},{"key":"R23","series-title":"Tanzan J Health Res","first-page":"229","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of amplicor HIV-1 DNA test, version 1.5, by manual and automated dna extraction methods using venous blood and dried blood spots for HIV-1 DNA pcr testing","volume":"12","author":"Nsojo","year":"2010"},{"key":"R24","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"3941","article-title":"Performance of a novel human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 total nucleic acid-based real-time PCR assay using whole blood and dried blood spots for diagnosis of HIV in infants","volume":"46","author":"Stevens","year":"2008"},{"key":"R25","series-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol","first-page":"201","article-title":"Evaluation of dried whole blood spots obtained by heel or finger stick as an alternative to venous blood for diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in vertically exposed infants in the routine diagnostic laboratory","volume":"14","author":"Patton","year":"2007"},{"key":"R26","series-title":"AIDS","first-page":"2459","article-title":"Evaluation of a dried blood spot HIV-1 RNA program for early infant diagnosis and viral load monitoring at rural and remote healthcare facilities","volume":"23","author":"Lofgren","year":"2009"},{"key":"R27","series-title":"J Virol Methods","first-page":"216","article-title":"A novel RealTime HIV-1 Qualitative assay for the detection of HIV-1 nucleic acids in dried blood spots and plasma","volume":"178","author":"Huang","year":"2011"},{"key":"R28","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"2465","article-title":"Ultra-high-throughput, automated nucleic acid detection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) for infant infection diagnosis using the Gen-Probe Aptima HIV-1 screening assay","volume":"47","author":"Stevens","year":"2009"},{"key":"R29","series-title":"J Clin Virol","first-page":"40","article-title":"Early diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection in infants with the NucliSens EasyQ assay on dried blood spots","volume":"48","author":"Lilian","year":"2010"},{"key":"R30","series-title":"WHO Recommendations on the Diagnosis of HIV Infection in Infants and Children","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010"},{"key":"R31","series-title":"J Virol Methods","first-page":"111","article-title":"Detection of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection by the polymerase chain reaction using dried blood specimens on filter papers","volume":"43","author":"Noda","year":"1993"},{"key":"R32","series-title":"J Clin Pathol","first-page":"904","article-title":"Use of dried blood spots for the detection and confirmation of HTLV-I specific antibodies for epidemiological purposes","volume":"48","author":"Parker","year":"1995"},{"key":"R33","series-title":"J Clin Virol","first-page":"68","article-title":"Commercial enzyme immunoassay adapted for the detection of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in dried blood spots","volume":"36","author":"Croom","year":"2006"},{"key":"R34","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"49","article-title":"Evaluation of a modified commercial assay in detecting antibody to hepatitis C virus in oral fluids and dried blood spots","volume":"71","author":"Judd","year":"2003"},{"key":"R35","series-title":"Hepatology","first-page":"752","article-title":"Dried blood spot for hepatitis C virus serology and molecular testing","volume":"51","author":"Tuaillon","year":"2010"},{"key":"R36","series-title":"Epidemiol Infect","first-page":"189","article-title":"Detection of antibodies against hepatitis A in blood spots dried on filter paper. Is this a reliable method for epidemiological studies?","volume":"118","author":"Gil","year":"1997"},{"key":"R37","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"208","article-title":"The use of dried blood spots for assessing antibody response to hepatitis A virus after natural infection and vaccination","volume":"83","author":"Melgaco","year":"2011"},{"key":"R38","series-title":"J Viral Hepat","first-page":"642","article-title":"Hepatitis B surface antigenaemia and alpha-foetoprotein detection from dried blood spots: applications to field-based studies and to clinical care in hepatitis B virus endemic areas","volume":"12","author":"Mendy","year":"2005"},{"key":"R39","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"1522","article-title":"Assessment of dried blood spot samples as a simple method for detection of hepatitis B virus markers","volume":"83","author":"Villar","year":"2011"},{"key":"R40","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"3512","article-title":"Simple and reliable method for detection and genotyping of hepatitis C virus RNA in dried blood spots stored at room temperature","volume":"40","author":"Solmone","year":"2002"},{"key":"R41","series-title":"J Virol Methods","first-page":"101","article-title":"An ELISA procedure for the diagnosis of dengue infections","volume":"33","author":"Kuno","year":"1991"},{"key":"R42","series-title":"J Clin Virol","first-page":"287","article-title":"Evaluation of immunological markers in serum, filter-paper blood spots, and saliva for dengue diagnosis and epidemiological studies","volume":"43","author":"Balmaseda","year":"2008"},{"key":"R43","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"887","article-title":"Use of capillary blood samples as a new approach for diagnosis of dengue virus infection","volume":"45","author":"Matheus","year":"2007"},{"key":"R44","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"13","article-title":"Enzyme-linked immunoassay for dengue virus IgM and IgG antibodies in serum and filter paper blood","volume":"6","author":"Tran","year":"2006"},{"key":"R45","series-title":"Clin Chim Acta","first-page":"204","article-title":"IgM antibodies to dengue virus in dried blood on filter paper","volume":"367","author":"Herrera","year":"2006"},{"key":"R46","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1085","article-title":"Comparing methods of measurement: why plotting difference against standard method is misleading","volume":"346","author":"Bland","year":"1995"},{"key":"R47","series-title":"J Virol Methods","first-page":"75","article-title":"PCR detection of dengue virus using dried whole blood spotted on filter paper","volume":"125","author":"Prado","year":"2005"},{"key":"R48","series-title":"Pathol Biol (Paris)","first-page":"490","article-title":"Molecular and serological diagnosis of Chikungunya virus infection","volume":"55","author":"Grivard","year":"2007"},{"key":"R49","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"5","article-title":"Detection of measles virus-specific immunoglobulin m in dried venous blood samples by using a commercial enzyme immunoassay","volume":"40","author":"Riddell","year":"2002"},{"key":"R50","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"701","article-title":"Dried venous blood samples for the detection and quantification of measles IgG using a commercial enzyme immunoassay","volume":"81","author":"Riddell","year":"2003"},{"key":"R51","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"S564","article-title":"Dried blood spots on filter paper as an alternative specimen for measles diagnostics: detection of measles immunoglobulin M antibody by a commercial enzyme immunoassay","volume":"204","author":"Uzicanin","year":"2011"},{"key":"R52","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"1374","article-title":"Dried-blood sampling for Epstein-Barr virus immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA serology in nasopharyngeal carcinoma screening","volume":"46","author":"Fachiroh","year":"2008"},{"key":"R53","series-title":"J Clin Virol","first-page":"276","article-title":"Modification of CMV DNA detection from dried blood spots for diagnosing congenital CMV infection","volume":"30","author":"Binda","year":"2004"},{"key":"R54","series-title":"Immun Ageing","first-page":"3","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus antibodies in dried blood spots: a minimally invasive method for assessing stress, immune function, and aging","volume":"8","author":"Dowd","year":"2011"},{"key":"R55","series-title":"J Egypt Soc Parasitol","first-page":"693","article-title":"PCR assay in malaria diagnosis using filter paper samples from Jazan region, Saudi Arabia","volume":"38","author":"Al-Harthi","year":"2008"},{"key":"R56","series-title":"J Clin Lab Anal","first-page":"185","article-title":"High specificity of semi-nested multiplex PCR using dried blood spots on DNA banking card in comparison with frozen liquid blood for detection of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax","volume":"25","author":"Ataei","year":"2011"},{"key":"R57","series-title":"Afr J Infect Dis","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sensitivity of microscopy compared to molecular diagnosis of P. falciparum: implications on malaria treatment in epidemic areas in Kenya","volume":"5","author":"Wangai","year":"2011"},{"key":"R58","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"124","article-title":"Comparison of three molecular methods for the detection and speciation of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"6","author":"Boonma","year":"2007"},{"key":"R59","series-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol","first-page":"315","article-title":"High sensitivity of detection of human malaria parasites by the use of nested polymerase chain reaction","volume":"61","author":"Snounou","year":"1993"},{"key":"R60","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"3714","article-title":"Amodiaquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Afghanistan is associated with the pfcrt SVMNT allele at codons 72 to 76","volume":"54","author":"Beshir","year":"2010"},{"key":"R61","series-title":"Working to Overcome the Global Impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"key":"R62","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"513","article-title":"The use of whole blood absorbed on filter paper to detect Wuchereria bancrofti circulating antigen","volume":"92","author":"Itoh","year":"1998"},{"key":"R63","series-title":"Natl Med J India","first-page":"263","article-title":"Detection of day blood filarial antigens by Og4C3 ELISA test using filter paper samples","volume":"15","author":"Hoti","year":"2002"},{"key":"R64","series-title":"J Commun Dis","first-page":"75","article-title":"Evaluation of Og4C3 antigen ELISA as a tool for detection of bancroftian filariasis under lymphatic filariasis elimination programme","volume":"39","author":"Wattal","year":"2007"},{"key":"R65","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"407","article-title":"Evaluation of the filter paper blood collection method for detecting Og4C3 circulating antigen in bancroftian filariasis","volume":"92","author":"Gyapong","year":"1998"},{"key":"R66","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"S19","article-title":"A multicenter evaluation of a new antibody test kit for lymphatic filariasis employing recombinant Brugia malayi antigen Bm-14","volume":"120","author":"Weil","year":"2011"},{"key":"R67","series-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"53","article-title":"Detection of filaria-specific IgG4 antibodies and filarial DNA, for the screening of blood spots for Brugia timori","volume":"99","author":"Fischer","year":"2005"},{"key":"R68","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"169","article-title":"Rapid PCR-based detection of Brugia malayi DNA from blood spots by DNA Detection Test Strips","volume":"95","author":"Kluber","year":"2001"},{"key":"R69","series-title":"Trop Biomed","first-page":"54","article-title":"Comparison of conventional versus real-time PCR detection of Brugia malayi DNA from dried blood spots from school children in a low endemic area","volume":"27","author":"Rahmah","year":"2010"},{"key":"R70","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"8","article-title":"Rapid molecular assays for specific detection and quantitation of Loa loa microfilaremia","volume":"5","author":"Fink","year":"2011"},{"key":"R71","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"942","article-title":"Field evaluation of the CATT\/Trypanosoma brucei gambiense on blood-impregnated filter papers for diagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis in southern Sudan","volume":"7","author":"Chappuis","year":"2002"},{"key":"R72","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"882","article-title":"Evaluation of the micro-CATT, CATT\/Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, and LATEX\/T b gambiense methods for serodiagnosis and surveillance of human African trypanosomiasis in West and Central Africa","volume":"80","author":"Truc","year":"2002"},{"key":"R73","series-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis","first-page":"265","article-title":"Chagas' disease diagnosis: a multicentric evaluation of Chagas Stat-Pak, a rapid immunochromatographic assay with recombinant proteins of Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"46","author":"Luquetti","year":"2003"},{"key":"R74","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"465","article-title":"Mass screening for Trypanosoma cruzi infections using the immunofluorescence, ELISA and haemagglutination tests on serum samples and on blood eluates from filter-paper","volume":"68","author":"Zicker","year":"1990"},{"key":"R75","series-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis","first-page":"396","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania in immunocompromised patients using peripheral blood spots on filter paper and the polymerase chain reaction","volume":"19","author":"Campino","year":"2000"},{"key":"R76","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"607","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of human hydatidosis: use of dried blood samples on filter paper","volume":"82","author":"Coltorti","year":"1988"},{"key":"R77","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"23","article-title":"Combined ultrasound and serologic screening for hepatic alveolar Echinococcosis in central China","volume":"66","author":"Bartholomot","year":"2002"},{"key":"R78","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"620","article-title":"Human cystic echinococcosis in a Uruguayan community: a sonographic, serologic, and epidemiologic study","volume":"59","author":"Cohen","year":"1998"},{"key":"R79","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"746","article-title":"Short report: diagnosis of human fascioliasis: detection of anti-cathepsin L antibodies in blood samples collected on filter paper","volume":"60","author":"Strauss","year":"1999"},{"key":"R80","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"35","article-title":"Detection of anti-cysticercus antibodies by ELISA using whole blood collected on filter paper","volume":"95","author":"Peralta","year":"2001"},{"key":"R81","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"688","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis: validity of ELISA after storage of whole blood and cerebrospinal fluid on paper","volume":"6","author":"Fleury","year":"2001"},{"key":"R82","series-title":"J Clin Pathol","first-page":"907","article-title":"Modified latex agglutination test for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in eluates from Guthrie cards","volume":"45","author":"Parker","year":"1992"},{"key":"R83","series-title":"Rev Saude Publica","first-page":"63","article-title":"Detection of anti-Giardia lamblia serum antibody among children of day care centers","volume":"36","author":"Guimaraes","year":"2002"},{"key":"R84","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"36","article-title":"Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of anti-Giardia specific immunoglobulin G in filter paper blood samples","volume":"87","author":"al-Tukhi","year":"1993"},{"key":"R85","series-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis","first-page":"465","article-title":"IgM anti-phenolic glycolipid-I antibody measurements from skin-smear sites: correlation with venous antibody levels and the bacterial index","volume":"65","author":"Butlin","year":"1997"},{"key":"R86","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"414","article-title":"Finger-prick blood collection and computer-assisted enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for large-scale serological studies on leprosy","volume":"83","author":"Chanteau","year":"1989"},{"key":"R87","series-title":"Indian J Med Res","first-page":"150","article-title":"Use of eluates of filter paper blood spots in ELISA for the serodiagnosis of leprosy","volume":"89","author":"Dhandayuthapani","year":"1989"},{"key":"R88","series-title":"Lepr Rev","first-page":"117","article-title":"Evaluation of Mycobacterium leprae particle agglutination test, using eluates of filter paper blood spots","volume":"63","author":"Sekar","year":"1992"},{"key":"R89","series-title":"Immunol Lett","first-page":"107","article-title":"Detection of Brucella antibodies in eluted dried blood: a validation study","volume":"45","author":"Takkouche","year":"1995"},{"key":"R90","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1097","article-title":"Short report: Seroprevalence of human leptospirosis in Reunion Island (Indian Ocean) assessed by microscopic agglutination test on paper disc-absorbed whole blood","volume":"85","author":"Desvars","year":"2011"},{"key":"R91","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"2353","article-title":"Blood spot screening and confirmatory tests for syphilis antibody","volume":"30","author":"Stevens","year":"1992"},{"key":"R92","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"44","article-title":"Evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of a Treponema pallidum dried blood spot technique for use in the detection of syphilis","volume":"92","author":"Coates","year":"1998"},{"key":"R93","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"837","article-title":"Comparison of indirect immunofluorescence assays for diagnosis of scrub typhus and murine typhus using venous blood and finger prick filter paper blood spots","volume":"80","author":"Phetsouvanh","year":"2009"},{"key":"R94","series-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol","first-page":"483","article-title":"Diagnosis of rickettsial diseases using samples dried on blotting paper","volume":"6","author":"Fenollar","year":"1999"},{"key":"R95","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"561","article-title":"Modified indirect hemagglutination test for detection of treponemal antibodies in finger-prick blood","volume":"30","author":"Backhouse","year":"1992"},{"key":"R96","series-title":"Bioanalysis","first-page":"1397","article-title":"Performance properties of filter paper devices for whole blood collection","volume":"2","author":"Mei","year":"2010"},{"key":"R97","series-title":"Serologic Assays for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Antibody in Dried-Blood Specimens Collected on Filter Paper","author":"Centre for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2002"},{"key":"R98","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"195","article-title":"Dried blood spots as a source of anti-malarial antibodies for epidemiological studies","volume":"7","author":"Corran","year":"2008"},{"key":"R99","series-title":"WHO Manual for HIV Drug Resistance Testing Using Dried Blood Spot Specimens","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012"},{"key":"R100","series-title":"Curr HIV Res","first-page":"134","article-title":"Stability of dried blood spots for HIV-1 drug resistance analysis","volume":"8","author":"Hearps","year":"2010"},{"key":"R101","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"3847","article-title":"Persistence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype B DNA in dried-blood samples on FTA filter paper","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2004"},{"key":"R102","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"1107","article-title":"Evaluation of different RNA extraction methods and storage conditions of dried plasma or blood spots for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA quantification and PCR amplification for drug resistance testing","volume":"47","author":"Monleau","year":"2009"},{"key":"R103","series-title":"J Virol Methods","first-page":"257","article-title":"Long-term storage at tropical temperature of dried-blood filter papers for detection and genotyping of RNA and DNA viruses by direct PCR","volume":"146","author":"Michaud","year":"2007"},{"key":"R104","series-title":"Epidemiol Rev","first-page":"321","article-title":"Review of the factors modulating dengue transmission","volume":"17","author":"Kuno","year":"1995"},{"key":"R105","series-title":"Shipping Guidelines for Dried-Blood Spot Specimens","author":"Centres for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2012"},{"key":"R106","series-title":"J Med Microbiol","first-page":"61","article-title":"Survival of group A streptococci in dried human blood","volume":"38","author":"Reitmeyer","year":"1993"},{"key":"R107","series-title":"AIDS","first-page":"591","article-title":"Effect of heat on extracted HIV viral infectivity and antibody activity using the filter paper technique of blood sampling","volume":"3","author":"Evengard","year":"1989"},{"key":"R108","series-title":"J Virol Methods","first-page":"120","article-title":"The use of FTA filter papers for diagnosis of avian influenza virus","volume":"174","author":"Abdelwhab","year":"2011"},{"key":"R109","series-title":"Clin Chem","first-page":"126","article-title":"Recoveries of phenylalanine from two sets of dried-blood-spot reference materials: Prediction from hematocrit, spot volume, and paper matrix","volume":"46","author":"Adam","year":"2000"},{"key":"R110","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"41","article-title":"Towards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: the STARD initiative","volume":"326","author":"Bossuyt","year":"2003"},{"key":"R111","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"1536","article-title":"Use of dried serum spots for serological and molecular detection of hepatitis A virus","volume":"47","author":"Desbois","year":"2009"},{"issue":"(Suppl 1)","key":"R112","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"S13","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus serotyping on dried serum spots as a screening tool for the surveillance of the AIDS epidemic","volume":"78","author":"Barin","year":"2006"},{"key":"R113","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"3070","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus RNA in dried serum spotted onto filter paper is 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