{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T14:35:02Z","timestamp":1761489302633},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We analyzed characteristics of humanitarian service workers (HSWs) seen pre-travel at Global TravEpiNet (GTEN) practices during 2009\u20132011. Of 23,264 travelers, 3,663 (16%) travelers were classified as HSWs. Among HSWs, 1,269 (35%) travelers were medical workers, 1,298 (35%) travelers were non-medical service workers, and 990 (27%) travelers were missionaries. Median age was 29 years, and 63% of travelers were female. Almost one-half (49%) traveled to 1 of 10 countries; the most frequent destinations were Haiti (14%), Honduras (8%), and Kenya (6%). Over 90% of travelers were vaccinated for or considered immune to hepatitis A, typhoid, and yellow fever. However, for hepatitis B, 292 (29%) of 990 missionaries, 228 (18%) of 1,298 non-medical service workers, and 76 (6%) of 1,269 medical workers were not vaccinated or considered immune. Of HSWs traveling to Haiti during 2010, 5% of travelers did not receive malaria chemoprophylaxis. Coordinated efforts from HSWs, HSW agencies, and clinicians could reduce vaccine coverage gaps and improve use of malaria chemoprophylaxis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,21]],"date-time":"2014-01-21T03:35:52Z","timestamp":1390275352000},"page":"553-559","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Pre-Travel Preparation of US Travelers Going Abroad to Provide Humanitarian Service, Global TravEpiNet 2009\u20132011"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Rhett J.","family":"Stoney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily S.","family":"Jentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Sotir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phyllis","family":"Kozarsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sowmya R.","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Regina C.","family":"LaRocque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward T.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"_","family":"_","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"year":"2010","series-title":"The State of the Humanitarian System: Assessing Performance and Progress: A Pilot Study","author":"Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance in Humanitarian 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volunteers","volume":"19","author":"Callahan","year":"2005"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1298","article-title":"Health care workers and researchers traveling to developing-world clinical settings: disease transmission risk and mitigation","volume":"51","author":"Kortepeter","year":"2010"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"654","article-title":"Dengue fever among U.S. travelers returning from the Dominican Republic\u2014Minnesota and Iowa, 2008","volume":"59","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2010"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"23","article-title":"Characteristics and spectrum of disease among ill returned travelers from pre- and post-earthquake Haiti: the GeoSentinel experience","volume":"86","author":"Esposito","year":"2012"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Am J Prev Med","first-page":"332","article-title":"Missionary health: the great omission","volume":"3","author":"Lange","year":"1987"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"16","article-title":"A cluster of dengue cases in American missionaries returning from Haiti, 2010","volume":"86","author":"Sharp","year":"2012"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"523","article-title":"Patterns of illness in travelers visiting Mexico and Central America: the GeoSentinel experience","volume":"53","author":"Flores-Figueroa","year":"2011"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"J Travel Med","first-page":"387","article-title":"Pre-travel health advice-seeking behavior among US international travelers departing from Boston Logan International Airport","volume":"17","author":"LaRocque","year":"2010"},{"year":"2010","series-title":"CDC Health Information for International Travel 2010","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","key":"R13"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"455","article-title":"Global 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response to a booster dose","volume":"200","author":"McMahon","year":"2009"},{"key":"R24","series-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis","first-page":"182","article-title":"Meningococcal disease: risk for international travellers and vaccine strategies","volume":"6","author":"Wilder-Smith","year":"2008"},{"key":"R25","series-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl)","first-page":"63","article-title":"Poor immunity status against poliomyelitis in medical students: a semi-anonymous study","volume":"202","author":"Kulshammer","year":"2013"},{"key":"R26","series-title":"CDC Health Information for International Travel 2012","article-title":"Poliomyelitis","author":"Alexander","year":"2012"},{"key":"R27","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"3931","article-title":"Determinants of pre-exposure rabies vaccination among foreign backpackers in Bangkok, Thailand","volume":"29","author":"Gautret","year":"2011"},{"key":"R28","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1168","article-title":"Rabies 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