{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:51:19Z","timestamp":1787496679720,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Locally manufactured sodium hypochlorite (chlorine) solution has been sold in Zimbabwe since 2010. During October 1, 2011\u2013April 30, 2012, 4,181 suspected and 52 confirmed cases of typhoid fever were identified in Harare. In response to this outbreak, chlorine tablets were distributed. To evaluate household water treatment uptake, we conducted a survey and water quality testing in 458 randomly selected households in two suburbs most affected by the outbreak. Although 75% of households were aware of chlorine solution and 85% received chlorine tablets, only 18% had reportedly treated stored water and had the recommended protective level of free chlorine residuals. Water treatment was more common among households that reported water treatment before the outbreak, and those that received free tablets during the outbreak (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.01), but was not associated with chlorine solution awareness or use before the outbreak (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &gt; 0.05). Outbreak response did not build on pre-existing prevention programs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,25]],"date-time":"2014-03-25T01:43:26Z","timestamp":1395711806000},"page":"945-954","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Household Water Treatment Uptake during a Public Health Response to a Large Typhoid Fever Outbreak in Harare, Zimbabwe"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Maho","family":"Imanishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patience F.","family":"Kweza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel 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M.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmaculate","family":"Govore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clemence","family":"Duri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prosper","family":"Chonzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sekesai","family":"Mtapuri-Zinyowera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Portia","family":"Manangazira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter H.","family":"Kilmarx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Mintz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Lantagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"_","family":"_","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Bacterial Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control","first-page":"913","article-title":"Typhoid Fever","author":"Levine","year":"2009"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"J Glob Health","first-page":"10401","article-title":"Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever: systematic review to estimate global morbidity and mortality for 2010","volume":"2","author":"Buckle","year":"2012"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Water 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Hyg","first-page":"584","article-title":"Diarrhea prevention through household-level water disinfection and safe storage in Zambia","volume":"66","author":"Quick","year":"2002"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"354","article-title":"Treating water with chlorine at point-of-use to improve water quality and reduce child diarrhea in developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Arnold","year":"2007"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Environ Sci Technol","first-page":"11352","article-title":"Use of household water treatment and safe storage methods in acute emergency response: case study results from Nepal, Indonesia, Kenya, and Haiti","volume":"46","author":"Lantagne","year":"2012"},{"issue":"(Suppl 1)","key":"R11","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"S62","article-title":"Evaluation of a rapid cholera response activity\u2014Nyanza Province, Kenya, 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