{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T04:05:38Z","timestamp":1778645138746,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Envenomation by poisonous animals is a neglected condition according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Antivenoms are included in the WHO Essential Medicines List. It has been assumed that immunoglobulin G (IgG) antivenoms could activate the complement system through Fc and induce early adverse reactions (EARs). However, data in the literature indicate that F(ab')<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> fragments can also activate the complement system. Herein, we show that several batches of IgG and F(ab')<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> antivenoms from the Butantan, Vital Brazil, and Clodomiro Picado Institutes activated the complement classical pathway and induced the production of C3a; however, only those antivenoms from Clodomiro Picado generated C5a. Different protein profiles (IgG heavy chain, protein contaminants, and aggregates) were observed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blot analyses. Our results show that various antivenoms from different producers are able to activate the classical pathway of the complement system and generate anaphylatoxins, and these findings suggest that factors, such as composition, contaminant proteins, and aggregates, may influence the anticomplementary activity of antivenoms <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. Therefore, there is a need to further improve antivenom production methods to reduce their anticomplementary activity and potential to cause EARs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,21]],"date-time":"2014-01-21T03:35:52Z","timestamp":1390275352000},"page":"574-584","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Anticomplementary Activity of Horse IgG and F(ab')2 Antivenoms"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Carla Cristina","family":"Squaiella-Baptist\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Roberto","family":"Marcelino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luiz Eduardo","family":"Ribeiro da Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denise V.","family":"Tambourgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Rabies and Envenomings: A Neglected Public Health Issue: Report of a Consultative Meeting","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2007"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"The 17 Neglected Tropical Diseases","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2009"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"WHO Model List of Essential Medicines","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Guidelines for the Production, Control and Regulation of Snake Antivenom Immunoglobulins","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Curr Pharm Biotechnol","first-page":"1980","article-title":"Antivenoms for snakebite: design, 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