{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T01:46:18Z","timestamp":1772761578539,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic in the Bikaner region situated in the Thar Desert of Rajasthan, India. This study describes clinicoepidemiological data of pediatric CL in pre-school children (0\u20135 years of age) from this region during 2001\u20132012. In total, 151 patients with 217 lesions were reported during the study period. The mean age of the study group was 3.29 \u00b1 1.43 years (0.25\u20135 years), with many (41.7%) cases being in the age group of 2\u20134 years. Face was the most common site involved, and morphologically, the lesions were either plaque type or papulonodular. Smear for parasitologic examination was positive in 84 (70%) of 120 cases, and histopathologic examination confirmed CL in 10 (55.55%) of 18 cases. Parasite species identification conducted for 13 randomly selected patients by polymerase chain reaction identified <jats:italic>Leishmania tropica<\/jats:italic> as the causative species. Intralesional sodium stibogluconate was the most commonly used treatment and found to be well-tolerated. Other therapies that were effective included oral rifampicin, oral dapsone, radiofrequency heat therapy (RFHT), and combinations of the three therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,8]],"date-time":"2014-10-08T00:14:20Z","timestamp":1412727260000},"page":"901-904","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Pediatric Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in an Endemic Region in India"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Saurabh","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kanika","family":"Khandelwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ram 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(Rajasthan)","volume":"19","author":"Srivastava","year":"1987"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"896","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica in Bikaner, India: parasite identification and characterization using molecular and immunologic tools","volume":"76","author":"Kumar","year":"2007"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"J Postgrad Med","first-page":"31","article-title":"An overview of paediatric leishmaniasis","volume":"49","author":"Kafetzis","year":"2003"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"J Clin Diagn Res","first-page":"973","article-title":"Childhood cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"2","author":"Bari","year":"2008"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Int J Dermatol","first-page":"790","article-title":"Childhood and adult cutaneous leishmaniasis in Tunisia","volume":"49","author":"Zaraa","year":"2010"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad","first-page":"40","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis: an emerging childhood infection","volume":"19","author":"Shoaib","year":"2007"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Dermatol Online J","first-page":"18","article-title":"Childhood cutaneous leishmaniasis: experience of a Moroccan unit of dermatology","volume":"14","author":"Qasmi","year":"2008"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Korean J Parasitol","first-page":"355","article-title":"Childhood cutaneous leishmaniasis: report of 117 cases from Iran","volume":"44","author":"Talari","year":"2006"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Dermatol Online J","first-page":"6","article-title":"Childhood leishmaniasis: report of 106 cases","volume":"10","author":"Kharfi","year":"2004"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Med Trop (Mars)","first-page":"456","article-title":"Childhood cutaneous leishmaniasis in Tunisia: retrospective study of 60 cases","volume":"66","author":"Fenniche","year":"2006"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Int J Dermatol","first-page":"32","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sanliurfa: epidemiologic and clinical features of the last four years (1997\u20132000)","volume":"41","author":"Gurel","year":"2002"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"3572","article-title":"Evaluation of PCR for diagnosis of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in an area of endemicity in northeastern Brazil","volume":"40","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2002"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Int J Dermatol","first-page":"404","article-title":"A comparative study of the diagnosis of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iraq by polymerase chain reaction and microbiologic and histopathologic methods","volume":"48","author":"Al-Hucheimi","year":"2009"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis","first-page":"97","article-title":"Diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"16","author":"Vega-L\u00f3pez","year":"2003"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"191","article-title":"Polymorphism-specific PCR enhances the diagnostic performance of American tegumentary leishmaniasis and allows the rapid identification of Leishmania species from Argentina","volume":"12","author":"Marco","year":"2012"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"QJM","first-page":"733","article-title":"The role of rifampicin in the management of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"93","author":"Kochar","year":"2000"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol","first-page":"272","article-title":"Oral rifampicin in cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis with multiple lesions (a pilot study)","volume":"68","author":"Bumb","year":"2002"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"J Kuwait Med Assoc","first-page":"159","article-title":"Rifampicin in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"6","author":"Salim","year":"1972"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol","first-page":"371","article-title":"Efficacy of local heat therapy by radiofrequency in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis, compared with intralesional injection of meglumineantimoniate","volume":"32","author":"Sadeghian","year":"2007"},{"key":"R22","series-title":"Br J Dermatol","first-page":"1114","article-title":"Long-term efficacy of single-dose radiofrequency-induced heat therapy vs. intralesionalantimonials for cutaneous leishmaniasis in India","volume":"168","author":"Bumb","year":"2013"},{"key":"R23","series-title":"Int J Dermatol","first-page":"398","article-title":"Dapsone in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"25","author":"Dogra","year":"1986"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and 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