{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T08:04:46Z","timestamp":1771661086056,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The study attempts to define socioeconomic, clinical, and laboratory correlates in vaginitis and other sexually transmitted infections in rural southwestern Haiti. A convenience sample of subjects recruited from a rural women's health clinic and attending an established clinic at the Haitian Health Foundation (HHF) clinic was studied. A standardized history and physical examination, including speculum examination, and collection of blood, urine, and vaginal swabs were obtained from the women at the rural clinic. Additional vaginal swab samples only for Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT) testing were obtained from women at the HHF clinic in J\u00e9r\u00e9mie. Laboratory results from Leon subjects were positive for <jats:italic>Gardnerella vaginalis<\/jats:italic> in 41% (41 of 100), <jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic> in 13.5% (14 of 104), <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> sp. in 9% (9 of 100), <jats:italic>Mycoplasma genitalium<\/jats:italic> in 6.7% (7 of 104), <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic> in 1.9% (2 of 104), and <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhea<\/jats:italic> in 1% (1 of 104) of patients. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody tests were negative in 100% (103 of 103) of patients, and syphilis antibody testing was positive for treponemal antibodies in 7.7% (8 of 104) patients. For subjects from the HHF, 19.9% were positive for <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>, 11.9% were positive for <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>, 10.1% were positive for <jats:italic>M. genitalium<\/jats:italic>, and 4.1% were positive for <jats:italic>N. gonorrhea<\/jats:italic>. Infections with <jats:italic>G. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> were the most common. <jats:italic>N. gonorrhea<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> sp., <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>M. genitalium<\/jats:italic> infections were associated with younger age (less than 31 years old).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,9]],"date-time":"2014-09-09T02:59:19Z","timestamp":1410231559000},"page":"881-886","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Epidemiology of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Rural Southwestern Haiti: The Grand'Anse Women's Health Study"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Kathleen A.","family":"Jobe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert F.","family":"Downey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donna","family":"Hammar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lori","family":"Van Slyke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terri A.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol","first-page":"1168","article-title":"Epidemiology of vaginitis","volume":"165","author":"Kent","year":"1991"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"2010 Estimate, D\u00e9partement Sanitaire de la Grand'Anse, Etat Des Lieux de la Situation du D\u00e9partement: Rapport Final","author":"Haiti Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 Publique et de la Population, Port au Prince","year":"2011"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Department of Reproductive Health and Research: Sexually Transmitted and Other Reproductive Tract Infections: A Guide to Essential Practice","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2005"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): The Importance of a Renewed Commitment to STI Prevention and Control in Achieving Global Sexual and Reproductive Health","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2013"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Int J STD AIDS","first-page":"848","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of STDs in rural Haiti: implications for policy and programming in resource-poor settings","volume":"14","author":"Smith Fawzi","year":"2003"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"496","article-title":"Economic hardship and sexually transmitted diseases in Haiti's rural Artibonite Valley","volume":"62","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2000"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"764","article-title":"Control of sexually transmitted diseases in Haiti: results and implications of a baseline study among pregnant women living in Cit\u00e9 Soleil Shantytowns","volume":"172","author":"Behets","year":"1995"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Sex Transm Infect","first-page":"175","article-title":"Identification of Chlamydia and gonorrhoea among women in rural Haiti: maximising access to treatment in a resource poor setting","volume":"82","author":"Smith Fawzi","year":"2006"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"PLoS Pathog","first-page":"e1001324","article-title":"Mycoplasma genitalium: an emerging cause of sexually transmitted disease in women","volume":"7","author":"Mcgowin","year":"2011"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"297","article-title":"Trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: inadequately managed with the syndromic approach","volume":"85","author":"Romoren","year":"2007"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"4615","article-title":"Novel point-of-care test for simultaneous detection of nontreponemal and treponemal antibodies in patients with syphilis","volume":"48","author":"Castro","year":"2010"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol","first-page":"17","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of affirm VPIII in the detection and identification of Trichomonas vaginalis, Gardnerella vaginalis, and Candida species in vaginitis\/vaginosis","volume":"12","author":"Brown","year":"2004"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"866","article-title":"Comparison of Aptima Trichomonas vaginalis transcription-mediated amplification assay and BD affirm VPIII for detection of T. vaginalis in symptomatic women: performance parameters and epidemiological implications","volume":"49","author":"Andrea","year":"2011"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Profil \u00c9pid\u00e9miologique De l'infection par le VIH et du SIDA dans le Grand Sud, Haiti","author":"Ha\u00efti Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 Publique et de la Population, Port au Prince","year":"2007"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"82","article-title":"Clinical algorithms for the screening of women for gonococcal and chlamydial infection: evaluation of pregnant women and prostitutes in Zaire","volume":"17","author":"Vuylsteke","year":"1993"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"189","article-title":"Approaches to control sexually transmitted diseases in Haiti, 1992\u201395","volume":"76","author":"Behets","year":"1998"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"Guidelines for the Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2003"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"Int J STD AIDS","first-page":"145","article-title":"Mycoplasma genitalium\u2013an up-date","volume":"13","author":"Taylor-Robinson","year":"2002"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"Sex Transm 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