{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T19:02:17Z","timestamp":1761418937445},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Typhoid fever affects an estimated 22 million people annually and causes 216,000 deaths worldwide. We conducted an investigation in August and September 2010 to examine the acceptability of typhoid vaccine in Neno District, Malawi where a typhoid outbreak was ongoing. We used qualitative methods, including freelisting exercises, key informant and in-depth interviews, and group discussions. Respondents associated illness with exposure to \u201cbad wind,\u201d and transmission was believed to be airborne. Typhoid was considered extremely dangerous because of its rapid spread, the debilitating conditions it produced, the number of related fatalities, and the perception that it was highly contagious. Respondents were skeptical about the effectiveness of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) interventions. The perceived severity of typhoid and fear of exposure, uncertainty about the effectiveness of WaSH measures, and widespread belief in the efficacy of vaccines in preventing disease resulted in an overwhelming interest in receiving typhoid vaccine during an outbreak.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,8]],"date-time":"2014-07-08T05:00:12Z","timestamp":1404795612000},"page":"729-737","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Formative Investigation of Acceptability of Typhoid Vaccine During a Typhoid Fever Outbreak in Neno District, Malawi"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Lauren S.","family":"Blum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Dentz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Chingoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benson","family":"Chilima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Warne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terri","family":"Hyde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Gindler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Sejvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric D.","family":"Mintz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"346","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid fever","volume":"84","author":"Crump","year":"2004"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1091","article-title":"A large outbreak of typhoid fever associated with a high rate of intestinal perforation in Kasese District, Uganda, 2008\u20132009","volume":"54","author":"Neil","year":"2012"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1100","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant typhoid fever with neurologic findings on the Malawi-Mozambique border","volume":"54","author":"Lutterloh","year":"2012"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis","first-page":"40","article-title":"An outbreak of peritonitis caused by multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhi in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"7","author":"Muyembe-Tamfum","year":"2009"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","article-title":"Shifts in geographic distribution and antimicrobial resistance during a prolonged typhoid fever outbreak\u2014Bundibugyo and Kasese Districts, Uganda, 2009\u20132011","author":"Walters","year":"2014"},{"year":"2012","author":"Clarke","article-title":"Outbreak of multi-drug resistant Salmonella typhi, Lusaka, Zambia, 2011\u20132012","key":"R6"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"MMWR","first-page":"435","article-title":"Notes from the field: Salmonella typhi infections associated with contaminated water\u2013Zimbabwe, October 2011\u2013May 2012","volume":"61","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2012"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"945","article-title":"Household water treatment uptake during a public health response to a large typhoid fever outbreak in Harare, Zimbabwe","volume":"90","author":"Imanishi","year":"2014"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1107","article-title":"Typhoid fever and the challenge of nonmalaria febrile illness in sub-saharan Africa","volume":"54","author":"Crump","year":"2012"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Atlantic","article-title":"Controlling the typhoid epidemic plaguing sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"4","author":"Nelson","year":"2012"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vaccination for typhoid fever in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"9","author":"Slayton","year":"2013"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"WER","first-page":"49","article-title":"Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper","volume":"83","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2008"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"554","article-title":"Typhoid fever: a massive, single-point source, multidrug-resistant outbreak in Nepal","volume":"40","author":"Lewis","year":"2005"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1069","article-title":"Putting typhoid vaccination on the global health agenda","volume":"357","author":"DeRoeck","year":"2007"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"PLoS ONE","first-page":"e29119","article-title":"Population-based incidence of typhoid fever in an urban informal settlement and a rural area in Kenya: implications for typhoid vaccine use in Africa","volume":"7","author":"Breiman","year":"2012"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"699","article-title":"A first step in bringing typhoid fever out of the closet","volume":"379","author":"Maurice","year":"2012"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"PLoS ONE","first-page":"e46099","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations associated with an outbreak of typhoid fever, Malawi\u2013Mozambique, 2009: an epidemiologic investigation","volume":"7","author":"Sejvar","year":"2012"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1775","article-title":"An outbreak of typhoid fever, Xing-An County, People's Republic of China, 1999: estimation of the field effectiveness of Vi polysaccharide typhoid vaccine","volume":"183","author":"Yang","year":"2001"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","article-title":"Impact of a targeted typhoid vaccination campaign following cyclone Tomas, Republic of Fiji, 2010","author":"Scobie","year":"2014"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"J Health Popul Nutr","first-page":"293","article-title":"Sociobehavioral research methods for the introduction of vaccines in the diseases of the most impoverished programme","volume":"22","author":"Kaljee","year":"2004"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"J Health Popul Nutr","first-page":"159","article-title":"Cultural and social context of dysentery: implications for the introduction of a new vaccine","volume":"22","author":"Blum","year":"2004"},{"key":"R22","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"485","article-title":"Willingness to be vaccinated against Shigella and other forms of dysentery: a comparison of three regions in Asia","volume":"24","author":"Pack","year":"2006"},{"key":"R23","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"561","article-title":"Differences in perception of dysentery and enteric fever and willingness to receive vaccines among rural residents in China","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2006"},{"key":"R24","series-title":"J Health Commun","first-page":"306","article-title":"Formative research and development of an evidence-based communication strategy: the introduction of vi typhoid fever vaccine among school-aged children in Karachi, Pakistan","volume":"18","author":"Pach","year":"2013"},{"key":"R25","series-title":"J Am Pharm Assoc","first-page":"403","article-title":"Determinants of adult influenza and pneumonia immunization rates","volume":"43","author":"Kamal","year":"2003"},{"key":"R26","series-title":"Anthropology and International Health","first-page":"329","article-title":"Vaccinations in the Third World: a consideration of community demand","author":"Nichter","year":"1996"},{"key":"R27","series-title":"Soc Sci Med","first-page":"1705","article-title":"Patterns of vaccination acceptance","volume":"49","author":"Streefland","year":"1999"},{"key":"R28","series-title":"Br J Gen Pract","first-page":"904","article-title":"Parents' perspectives on the MMR immunization: a focus group study","volume":"51","author":"Evans","year":"2001"},{"issue":"(Suppl 6)","key":"R29","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"106","article-title":"Responding to an outbreak of typhoid fever: assessment of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions in Neno District, Malawi","volume":"85","author":"Bennett","year":"2011"},{"year":"1980","author":"Kleinman","series-title":"Patients and Healers in the Context of Culture: An Exploration of the Borderland between Anthropology, Medicine and Psychiatry","key":"R30"},{"key":"R31","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"202","article-title":"Lessons and challenges for measles control from unexpected large outbreak, Malawi","volume":"19","author":"Minetti","year":"2013"},{"year":"2011","author":"National Statistical Office (NSO) and ICF Macro","series-title":"Malawi Demographic and Health Survey 2010","key":"R32"},{"year":"2005","author":"National Statistical Office (NSO) [Malawi], and ORC Macro","series-title":"Malawi Demographic and Health Survey 2004","key":"R33"},{"key":"R34","series-title":"J Gen Intern Med","first-page":"1311","article-title":"Do people who intend to get a flu shot actually get one?","volume":"24","author":"Harris","year":"2009"},{"key":"R35","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"25","article-title":"Trial participation and vaccine desirability for vi polysaccharide typhoid fever vaccine in Hue City, Viet Nam","volume":"12","author":"Kaljee","year":"2007"},{"key":"R36","series-title":"PLoS ONE","first-page":"e17713","article-title":"Factors affecting intention to receive and self-reported receipt of 2009 pandemic (H1N1) vaccine in Hong Kong: a longitudinal study","volume":"6","author":"Liao","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/91\/4\/article-p729.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/91\/4\/article-p729.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/91\/4\/article-p729.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T21:14:01Z","timestamp":1723065241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/91\/4\/article-p729.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0067","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9637"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1476-1645"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]]}}}