{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T01:43:45Z","timestamp":1789436625163,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), a tick-borne zoonosis caused by <jats:italic>Rickettsia rickettsii<\/jats:italic>, is among the deadliest of all infectious diseases. To identify the distribution of various genotypes of <jats:italic>R. rickettsii<\/jats:italic> associated with fatal RMSF, we applied molecular typing methods to samples of DNA extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens obtained at autopsy from 103 case-patients from seven countries who died of RMSF. Complete sequences of one or more intergenic regions were amplified from tissues of 30 (29%) case-patients and revealed a distribution of genotypes consisting of four distinct clades, including the Hlp clade, regarded previously as a non-pathogenic strain of <jats:italic>R. rickettsii<\/jats:italic>. Distinct phylogeographic patterns were identified when composite case-patient and reference strain data were mapped to the state and country of origin. The phylogeography of <jats:italic>R. rickettsii<\/jats:italic> is likely determined by ecological and environmental factors that exist independently of the distribution of a particular tick vector.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,24]],"date-time":"2014-06-24T06:03:11Z","timestamp":1403589791000},"page":"589-597","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Phylogeography of Rickettsia rickettsii Genotypes Associated with Fatal Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Paddock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy M.","family":"Denison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Ryan","family":"Lash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindy","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigid C.","family":"Bollweg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. Scott","family":"Dahlgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina T.","family":"Kanamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo N.","family":"Angerami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiana C.","family":"Pereira dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roosecelis","family":"Brasil Martines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandor E.","family":"Karpathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"31","article-title":"Studies in Piroplasma hominis. (Spotted fever or \u201ctick fever\u201d of the Rocky Mountains)","volume":"1","author":"Wilson","year":"1904"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Western Montana: Anatomy of a Pestilence","first-page":"55","author":"Philip","year":"2000"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Med Sentinel","first-page":"432","article-title":"Some observations on the so-called spotted fever of Idaho","volume":"7","author":"Maxey","year":"1899"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Med Sentinel","first-page":"532","article-title":"Mountain or spotted fever, as seen in Idaho and eastern Oregon","volume":"15","author":"Spencer","year":"1907"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Med Record","first-page":"843","article-title":"Some aspects of Rocky Mountain spotted fever as shown by recent investigations","volume":"76","author":"Ricketts","year":"1909"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"U.S. Publ Hlth Serv Hyg Lab Bull","first-page":"72","article-title":"Results of four years' human vaccination","volume":"154","author":"Parker","year":"1930"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Pub Hlth Rep","first-page":"728","article-title":"A highly virulent strain of Rocky Mountain fever virus isolated in the eastern United States","volume":"55","author":"Topping","year":"1940"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Pub Hlth Rep","first-page":"2125","article-title":"Highly virulent strains of Rocky Mountain spotted fever virus isolated from ticks (D. variabilis) in Georgia","volume":"55","author":"Brigham","year":"1940"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Pub Hlth Rep","first-page":"2041","article-title":"A strain of Rocky Mountain spotted fever virus of low virulence isolated in the western United States","volume":"56","author":"Topping","year":"1941"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Pub Hlth Rep","first-page":"455","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of Rocky Mountain spotted fever rickettsiae from the rabbit tick Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris Packard","volume":"66","author":"Parker","year":"1951"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"231","article-title":"The recovery and isolation of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and tularemia from ticks in the eastern United States","volume":"91","author":"Parker","year":"1952"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Am J Hyg","first-page":"248","article-title":"The epidemiology of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. I. The characterization of strain virulence of Rickettsia rickettsii","volume":"1953","author":"Price","year":"1953"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Dynamics of Virus and Rickettsial Infections","first-page":"164","article-title":"Variations in virulence of Rickettsia rickettsii under natural and experimental conditions","author":"Price","year":"1954"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"J Immunol","first-page":"1961","article-title":"Serologic typing of rickettsiae of the spotted fever group by microimmunofluorescence","volume":"121","author":"Philip","year":"1978"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"559","article-title":"Biochemical and immunochemical analysis of Rickettsia rickettsii strains of various degrees of virulence","volume":"44","author":"Anacker","year":"1984"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"653","article-title":"Antigenic heterogeneity in high- and low-virulence strains of Rickettsia rickettsii revealed by monoclonal antibodies","volume":"51","author":"Anacker","year":"1986"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci","first-page":"717","article-title":"Genetic analysis of isolates of Rickettsia rickettsii that differ in virulence","volume":"990","author":"Eremeeva","year":"2003"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci","first-page":"573","article-title":"Molecular typing of novel Rickettsia rickettsii isolates from Arizona","volume":"1078","author":"Eremeeva","year":"2006"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"2545","article-title":"Molecular typing of isolates of Rickettsia rickettsii by use of DNA sequencing of variable intergenic regions","volume":"45","author":"Karpathy","year":"2007"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci","first-page":"12","article-title":"Closing the gap between genotype and phenotype in Rickettsia rickettsii","volume":"1166","author":"Eremeeva","year":"2009"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"418","article-title":"Rickettsia rickettsii in Rhipicephalus ticks, Mexicali, Mexico","volume":"48","author":"Eremeeva","year":"2011"},{"key":"R22","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1469","article-title":"Hidden mortality attributable to Rocky Mountain spotted fever: immunohistochemical detection of fatal, serologically unconfirmed disease","volume":"179","author":"Paddock","year":"1999"},{"key":"R23","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"349","article-title":"Assessing the magnitude of fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the United States: comparison of two national data sources","volume":"67","author":"Paddock","year":"2002"},{"key":"R24","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"713","article-title":"Fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the United States, 1999\u20132007","volume":"86","author":"Dahlgren","year":"2012"},{"key":"R25","series-title":"Br J Cancer","first-page":"333","article-title":"A multiplex PCR predictor for aCGH success of FFPE samples","volume":"94","author":"van Beers","year":"2006"},{"key":"R26","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"63","article-title":"Evaluation of a PCR assay for detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae in respiratory and nonrespiratory samples from adults with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"41","author":"Murdoch","year":"2003"},{"key":"R27","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1083","article-title":"A highly sensitive and specific real-time PCR assay for the detection of spotted fever and typhus group rickettsiae","volume":"73","author":"Stenos","year":"2005"},{"key":"R28","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"314","article-title":"Assessment of real-time PCR assay for detection of Rickettsia spp. and Rickettsia rickettsii in banked clinical samples","volume":"51","author":"Kato","year":"2013"},{"key":"R29","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"5757","article-title":"Use of highly variable intergenic spacer sequences for multispacer typing of Rickettsia conorii strains","volume":"42","author":"Fournier","year":"2004"},{"key":"R30","series-title":"Mol Biol Evol","first-page":"2731","article-title":"MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods","volume":"28","author":"Tamura","year":"2011"},{"key":"R31","series-title":"Mol Biol Evol","first-page":"512","article-title":"Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees","volume":"10","author":"Tamura","year":"1993"},{"key":"R32","series-title":"Science","first-page":"399","article-title":"Cultivation of rickettsiae of the Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus and Q fever groups in the embryonic tissues of developing chicks","volume":"94","author":"Cox","year":"1941"},{"key":"R33","series-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci","first-page":"315","article-title":"Rickettsia parkeri as a paradigm for multiple causes of tick-borne rickettsioses in the Western Hemisphere","volume":"1063","author":"Paddock","year":"2006"},{"key":"R34","series-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci","first-page":"10","article-title":"The role of host factors in the severity of spotted fever and typhus rickettsioses","volume":"590","author":"Walker","year":"1990"},{"key":"R35","series-title":"Am J Hyg","first-page":"292","article-title":"The epidemiology of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. II. Studies on the biological survival mechanism of Rickettsia rickettsii","volume":"60","author":"Price","year":"1954"},{"key":"R36","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"564","article-title":"Isolation and identification of Rickettsia rickettsii from the rabbit tick (Haemaphysalis leporispalustris) in the Atlantic zone of Costa Rica","volume":"34","author":"Fuentes","year":"1985"},{"key":"R37","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"899","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Rickettsia rickettsii isolated from human clinical samples and from the rabbit tick Haemaphysalis leporispalustris collected at different geographic zones in Costa Rica","volume":"79","author":"Hun","year":"2008"},{"key":"R38","series-title":"J Am Med Assoc","first-page":"1875","article-title":"Differential diagnosis between typhus and spotted fever. Report of a case and the isolation of a new mild type of spotted fever virus","volume":"98","author":"Reimann","year":"1932"},{"key":"R39","series-title":"Bull Calif Insect Survey","first-page":"1","article-title":"The ticks of California (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"25","author":"Furman","year":"1984"},{"issue":"(Suppl)","key":"R40","series-title":"Biomedica","first-page":"98","article-title":"Molecular characterization of rickettsial isolates from spotted fever fatal cases in the state of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"31","author":"Ogrzewalska","year":"2011"},{"key":"R41","series-title":"Frontiers Cell Infect Microbiol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ecology, biology and distribution of spotted-fever tick vectors in Brazil","volume":"3","author":"Szab\u00f3","year":"2013"},{"key":"R42","series-title":"Pub Hlth Rep","first-page":"1699","article-title":"Rocky Mountain spotted fever. A note on some aspects of its epidemiology","volume":"56","author":"Topping","year":"1941"},{"key":"R43","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","first-page":"732","article-title":"Rocky Mountain spotted fever: epidemiology of an increasing problem","volume":"84","author":"Hattwick","year":"1976"},{"key":"R44","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"405","article-title":"National surveillance for Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 1981\u20131992: epidemiologic summary and evaluation of risk factors for fatal outcome","volume":"52","author":"Dalton","year":"1995"},{"key":"R45","series-title":"Rickettsiae and Rickettsial Diseases","first-page":"621","article-title":"Genetic states possibly associated with enhanced severity of Rocky Mountain spotted fever","author":"Walker","year":"1981"},{"key":"R46","series-title":"Rev Clin Esp","first-page":"333","article-title":"Estudio cl\u00ednico-epidemiol\u00f3gico de 164 casos de fiebre botonosa","volume":"176","author":"Mart\u00edn-Farf\u00e1n","year":"1985"},{"key":"R47","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"576","article-title":"Host- and microbe-related risk factors for and pathophysiology of fatal Rickettsia conorii infection in Portuguese patients","volume":"198","author":"de Sousa","year":"2008"},{"key":"R48","series-title":"Am J Pathol","first-page":"1961","article-title":"Effect of fixatives and tissue processing on the content and integrity of nucleic acids","volume":"161","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2002"},{"key":"R49","series-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica","first-page":"461","article-title":"A febre maculosa no Brasil","volume":"27","author":"Del Fio","year":"2010"},{"key":"R50","series-title":"Ticks Tick-borne Dis","first-page":"345","article-title":"Features of Brazilian spotted fever in two different endemic areas in Brazil","volume":"3","author":"Angerami","year":"2012"},{"key":"R51","series-title":"Med Sentinel","first-page":"225","article-title":"Spotted fever","volume":"10","author":"McCullough","year":"1902"},{"key":"R52","series-title":"Pub Hlth Rep","first-page":"984","article-title":"Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Geographical and seasonal prevalence, case fatality, and preventive measures","volume":"53","author":"Hampton","year":"1938"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/91\/3\/article-p589.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/91\/3\/article-p589.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/91\/3\/article-p589.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T21:15:42Z","timestamp":1723065342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/91\/3\/article-p589.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,3]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0146","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,3]]}}}