{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T23:32:54Z","timestamp":1790033574262,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In a study of children having polyparasitic infections in a <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic>\u2013endemic area, we examined the hypothesis that <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\u2013positive children, compared with <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\u2013negative children (anti-soluble worm antigen preparation [SWAP] negative and egg negative) have increased systemic production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-\u03b1) and decreased down-regulatory IL-10. A total of 804 children, 2\u201319 years of age, were surveyed between July and December 2009 and tested for <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>, filariasis, and soil-transmitted helminth infections. Plasma levels of IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-10 were compared for <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\u2013positive and <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\u2013negative children, adjusting for malaria, filaria, and hookworm co-infections, and for nutritional status, age group, sex, and geographic location. IL-10 was significantly elevated among children infected with <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>, showing bimodal peaks in 7\u20138 and 13\u201314 years age groups. IL-10 was also higher among children who were acutely malnourished, whereas IL-10 levels were lower in the presence of <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\u2013filaria co-infection. After adjustment for co-factors, IL-6 was significantly elevated among children of 5\u20136 years and among those with <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> infection. Lower levels of IL-6 were found in malaria\u2013hookworm co-infection. High levels of TNF-\u03b1 were found in children aged 11\u201312 years regardless of infection status. In addition, village of residence was a strong predictor of IL-6 and IL-10 plasma levels. In adolescent children infected with <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>, there is an associated elevation in circulating IL-10 that may reduce the risk of later morbidity. Although we did not find a direct link between <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> infection and circulating pro-inflammatory IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 levels, future T-cell stimulation studies may provide more conclusive linkages between infection and cytokine responses in settings that are endemic for multiple parasites and multiple co-infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,11]],"date-time":"2015-03-11T02:53:20Z","timestamp":1426042400000},"page":"945-951","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Age-Stratified Profiles of Serum IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-\u03b1 Cytokines Among Kenyan Children with Schistosoma haematobium, Plasmodium falciparum, and Other Chronic Parasitic Co-Infections"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Amaya L.","family":"Bustinduy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura J.","family":"Sutherland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Chang-Cojulun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indu","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam S.","family":"DuVall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica K.","family":"Fairley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter L.","family":"Mungai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric M.","family":"Muchiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis M.","family":"Mutuku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uriel","family":"Kitron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles H.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"2253","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis","volume":"383","author":"Colley","year":"2014"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"197","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in African infants and preschool children: let them now be treated!","volume":"29","author":"Stothard","year":"2013"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Immunobiology","first-page":"475","article-title":"Chronic helminth infections induce immunomodulation: consequences and mechanisms","volume":"212","author":"van Riet","year":"2007"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"386","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis and anemia: the relationship and potential mechanisms","volume":"21","author":"Friedman","year":"2005"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"720","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein are associated with undernutrition in the context of Schistosoma japonicum infection","volume":"75","author":"Coutinho","year":"2006"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"528","article-title":"Nutritional status and serum cytokine profiles in children, adolescents, and young adults with Schistosoma japonicum-associated hepatic fibrosis, in Leyte, Philippines","volume":"192","author":"Coutinho","year":"2005"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"1215","article-title":"Cytokine production associated with periportal fibrosis during chronic schistosomiasis mansoni in humans","volume":"74","author":"Alves Oliveira","year":"2006"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"139","article-title":"Cytokine responses to Schistosoma haematobium in a Zimbabwean population: contrasting profiles for IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 with age","volume":"7","author":"Mutapi","year":"2007"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"433","article-title":"Impact of polyparasitic infections on anemia and undernutrition among Kenyan children living in a Schistosoma haematobium-endemic area","volume":"88","author":"Bustinduy","year":"2013"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"159","article-title":"Field studies of a rapid, accurate means of quantifying Schistosoma haematobium eggs in urine samples","volume":"54","author":"Peters","year":"1976"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo","first-page":"397","article-title":"A simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in schistosomiasis mansoni","volume":"14","author":"Katz","year":"1972"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Worldwide Prevalence of Anaemia 1993\u20132005. 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